Table 1 Patient characteristics.

From: Analysis of the relationship between the gut microbiome and dementia: a cross-sectional study conducted in Japan

 

Total (n = 128)

Demented (n = 34)

Non-Demented (n = 94)

P

Demographics

Age, years

76, 69–81

77, 74–82

76, 68–80

0.093

Female sex, n (%)

75 (58.6)

29 (85.3)

46 (48.9)

<0.001

Education, years

12, 9–12.8

12, 9–12

12, 9–13

0.456

Body mass index, kg/m2

22.6, 20.7–24.6

22.5, 20.3–25.0

22.7, 21.0–24.4

0.765

Risk factors

Hypertension, n (%)

80 (62.5)

25 (73.5)

55 (58.5)

0.150

Diabetes mellitus, n (%)

20 (15.6)

8 (23.5)

12 (12.8)

0.169

Dyslipidaemia, n (%)

60 (46.9)

19 (55.9)

41 (43.6)

0.236

CKD, n (%)

41 (32.0)

14 (41.2)

27 (28.7)

0.203

Ischaemic heart disease, n (%)

13 (10.2)

5 (14.7)

8 (8.5)

0.329

History of stroke, n (%)

11(8.0)

4 (11.8)

7 (7.5)

0.481

Smoking habits, n (%)

32 (25.0)

3 (8.8)

29 (30.9)

0.011

Alcohol consumption, n (%)

49 (38.3)

10 (29.4)

39 (41.5)

0.303

ApoE ε4 carrier, n (%)

39 (30.5)

19 (55.9)

20 (21.3)

<0.001

Comprehensive geriatric assessment

Barthel index

100, 100–100

100, 95–100

100, 100–100

0.009

IADL impairment, n (%)

59 (46.1)

26 (76.5)

33 (35.1)

<0.001

DBDS

9, 4–14

12.5, 7–18.3

7, 3–14

0.002

GDS

3, 1–5

3, 1–5

3, 1–5

0.730

Vitality index

10, 10–10

9, 8–10

10, 9–10

0.005

ZBI

11, 4–22

20.5, 13.5–28.3

7, 3–17.3

<0.001

MNA-SF

12, 11–13

12, 11–13

13, 11–13

0.049

Cognitive function

MMSE

24, 20–28

18, 15–19

27, 23–29

<0.001

CDR-GB

   

<0.001

0, n (%)

23 (18)

0

23 (24.5)

 

0.5, n (%)

85 (66.4)

14 (41.1)

71 (75.5)

 

1, n (%)

18 (14.0)

18 (52.9)

0

 

2, n (%)

1 (0.8)

1 (2.9)

0

 

3, n (%)

1 (0.8)

1 (2.9)

0

 

CDR-SB

2.0, 0.5–3.5

4.5, 3.4–5.6

1.0, 0.5–2.5

<0.001

ADAS-cog

9.3, 5.7–14.7

15.7, 12.9–20.2

7.5, 5–11.7

<0.001

RCPM

28, 23.3–31.8

25, 19–28

29, 24–32.5

<0.001

FAB

11, 9–13

9, 7–10

12, 10–14

<0.001

LM-WMSR I

8, 4–15

3, 1–5

10, 6–18

<0.001

LM-WMSR II

3, 0–8

0, 0–0

4.5, 1–10

<0.001

Brain MRI findings

SLI, n (%)

14 (10.9)

9 (26.5)

5 (5.3)

0.002

WMH, n (%)

34 (26.6)

9 (26.5)

25 (26.6)

1.000

CMBs, n (%)

28 (21.9)

13 (38.2)

15 (16.0)

0.014

CSS, n (%)

8 (6.3)

4 (11.8)

4 (4.3)

0.207

VSRAD

1.02, 0.65–1.94

2.05, 1.16–2.32

0.85, 0.57–1.31

<0.001

Blood flow reduction in SPECT images

Posterior cingulate gyrus and/or precuneus, n (%)

86 (71.1)

26 (81.3)

60 (67.4)

0.175

Gut microbiota

Enterotype

   

0.001

Enterotype I

47 (36.7)

5 (14.7)

42 (44.7)

 

Enterotype II

5 (3.9)

0

5 (5.3)

 

Enterotype III

76 (59.4)

29 (85.3)

47 (50.0)

 

F/B ratio

1.5, 1.0–2.4

2.1, 1.3–3.0

1.4, 0.8–2.3

0.013

  1. Abbreviations: CKD, chronic kidney disease; MMSE, Mini Mental State Examination; CDR-GB, Clinical Dementia Rating Global Score; CDR-SB, Clinical Dementia Rating–sum of boxes; ADAS-cog, Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale; RCPM, Raven’s Coloured Progressive Matrices; FAB, Frontal Assessment Battery; LM-WMSR, Logical Memory subtests I and II of the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised; IADL, instrumental activities of daily living; DBDS, Dementia Behaviour Disturbance Scale; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; ZBI, Zarit Caregiver Burden Interview; MNA-SF, Mini-Nutritional Assessment-Short Form; SLI, silent lacunar infarct; WMH, white matter hyperintensity; CMBs, cerebral microbleeds; CSS, cortical superficial siderosis; VSRAD, voxel-based specific regional analysis system for Alzheimer’s disease; SPECT, single photon emission computed tomography; F/B ratio, Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio. Enterotype I: Bacteroides >30%, Enterotype II: Prevotella >15%, enterotype III: others. The number of assessed patients: SPECT (n = 121), ADAS (n = 113), RCPM (n = 120), FAB (n = 122).
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