Table 2 Model averaged parameter values explaining herbivore response levels to vertical approaches by Unmanned Aerial Systems.
From: Terrestrial mammalian wildlife responses to Unmanned Aerial Systems approaches
Reference | Response | Parameter | Estimate | Unconditional standard error | Confidence intervals | Relative importance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No response | Response | Altitude | −3.45 | 0.49 | −4.42, −2.48 | 1.00 |
Distance | 0.49 | 0.21 | 0.08, 0.90 | 1.00 | ||
Habitat | −0.05 | 0.25 | −1.52, 0.86 | 0.14 | ||
Size | 0.20 | 0.28 | −0.13, 0.95 | 0.49 | ||
Species_Elephant | 3.57 | 1.21 | 1.19, 5.95 | 1.00 | ||
Species_Giraffe | 3.59 | 1.24 | 1.16, 6.02 | 1.00 | ||
Species_Lechwe | 0.07 | 1.24 | −2.37, 2.50 | 1.00 | ||
Species_Tsessebe | 2.28 | 1.20 | −0.06, 4.63 | 1.00 | ||
Species_Wildebeest | 3.48 | 1.23 | 1.08, 5.88 | 1.00 | ||
Species_Zebra | 3.21 | 1.21 | 0.83, 5.58 | 1.00 | ||
Time of day_AM | 0.06 | 0.26 | −0.71, 1.40 | 0.17 | ||
Time of day_PM | −0.11 | 0.31 | −1.61, 0.39 | 0.17 | ||
Vigilant | Active | Activity_Stand | 0.05 | 0.30 | −1.17, 2.53 | 0.07 |
Activity_Drink | 0.11 | 0.54 | −1.18, 4.29 | 0.07 | ||
Activity_Feed | 0.08 | 0.37 | −0.65, 2.87 | 0.07 | ||
Activity_Walk | −0.01 | 0.26 | −1.91, 1.89 | 0.07 | ||
Altitude | 0.58 | 0.23 | 0.12, 1.03 | 1.00 | ||
Direction_Front | 0.21 | 0.62 | −0.85, 3.10 | 0.19 | ||
Direction_Side | −0.01 | 0.36 | −1.66, 1.62 | 0.19 | ||
Direction_Behind | −0.29 | 0.70 | −3.19, 0.12 | 0.19 | ||
Distance | 0.37 | 0.23 | 0.01, 0.82 | 0.90 | ||
Habitat | −0.03 | 0.18 | −1.38, 0.58 | 0.08 | ||
Species_Elephant | −0.28 | 0.63 | −1.51, 0.96 | 1.00 | ||
Species_Giraffe | −0.83 | 0.73 | −2.26, 0.59 | 1.00 | ||
Species_Lechwe | −0.09 | 0.63 | −1.35, 1.16 | 1.00 | ||
Species_Tsessebe | −1.16 | 0.69 | −2.51, 0.20 | 1.00 | ||
Species_Wildebeest | −1.54 | 0.79 | −3.09, 0.02 | 1.00 | ||
Species_Zebra | −3.51 | 1.18 | −5.83,−1.19 | 1.00 | ||
Time of day_AM | 0.14 | 0.33 | −0.52, 1.21 | 0.40 | ||
Time of day_PM | −0.32 | 0.51 | −1.82, 0.25 | 0.40 | ||
UAS type | 0.09 | 0.26 | −0.36, 1.24 | 0.21 |
