Table 1 Characteristics of Chinese Nonagenarians and Centenarians by muscle mass and gender.

From: Skeletal Muscle Mass as a Mortality Predictor among Nonagenarians and Centenarians: A Prospective Cohort Study

 

Men

Women

Low muscle mass

Normal muscle mass

p

Low muscle mass

Normal muscle mass

p

N

32

206

 

86

414

 

Age (years)

94.0 ± 4.0

93.1 ± 2.9

0.211

94.7 ± 3.7

93.5 ± 3.2

0.001

Illiteracy (n, %)

11 (34.4)

76 (37.6)

0.724

78 (90.7)

369 (89.3)

0.709

Current alcohol drinker (n, %)

  

0.675

  

0.155

  Current

8 (25.0)

80 (40.0)

 

19 (22.9)

79 (19.4)

 

  Former

10 (31.3)

63 (31.5)

 

11 (13.3)

48 (11.8)

 

  No

14 (43.8)

57 (28.5)

 

53 (63.9)

280 (68.8)

 

Current smoker (n, %)

  

0.035

  

0.753

  Current

23 (71.9)

144 (70.9)

 

23 (27.7)

130 (31.9)

 

  Former

2 (6.3)

40 (19.7)

 

19 (22.9)

86 (21.1)

 

  No

7 (21.9)

19 (9.4)

 

41 (49.4)

192 (47.1)

 

Choronic diseases

  Osteoarthritis (n, %)

3 (12.0)

51 (33.3)

0.031

27 (42.9)

138 (43.7)

0.905

  Gastrointestinal diseases (n, %)

5 (20.8)

26 (18.2)

0.778

22 (35.5)

73 (25.3)

0.115

  Respiratory diseases (n, %)

5 (21.7.0)

28 (19.7)

0.783

14 (24.6)

59 (21.9)

0.655

Geriatric conditions

  ADL impairment (n, %)

9 (28.1)

45 (22.1)

0.448

37 (44.0)

152 (36.8)

0.213

  Cognitive impairment (n, %)

17 (60.7)

131 (73.2)

0.174

64 (95.5)

339 (92.1)

0.326

  Vision problems (n, %)

7 (25.0)

92 (52.3)

0.007

34 (47.9)

184 (51.0)

0.635

  Hearing problems (n, %)

9 (33.3)

62 (34.8)

0.879

22 (30.6)

147 (39.5)

0.152

  Falls (n, %)

14 (45.2)

102 (53.1)

0.640

34 (41.5)

174 (43.0)

0.903

Height (cm)

163.8 ± 10.1

162.9 ± 7.7

0.654

146.2 ± 6.3

151.2 ± 7.2

<0.001

Weight (kg)

37.4 ± 4.1

48.4 ± 6.9

<0.001

29.0 ± 2.5

40.5 ± 6.6

<0.001

BMI (kg/m2)

13.9 ± 0.8

18.2 ± 2.5

<0.001

13.6 ± 1.5

17.8 ± 2.9

<0.001

MAC (cm)

23.0 ± 6.0

23.7 ± 3.1

0.494

20.4 ± 3.0

23.4 ± 2.8

<0.001

CC (cm)

27.4 ± 3.5

28.4 ± 3.5

0.148

23.0 ± 2.8

25.4 ± 2.9

<0.001

ASM (kg)

14.5 ± 1.8

16.5 ± 1.8

<0.001

6.8 ± 0.9

9.6 ± 1.6

<0.001

SMI (kg/m2)

5.4 ± 0.2

6.2 ± 0.5

<0.001

3.2 ± 0.2

4.2 ± 0.5

<0.001

Albumin (g/L)

41.4 ± 7.7

42.6 ± 3.1

0.396

42.5 ± 2.9

43.1 ± 3.7

0.178

  1. Mean and standard deviation are shown for continuous variables, proportions as percent are shown for categorical variables.
  2. Using Pearson Chi-Square tests or Fisher’s exact test (with the expected cell count of <5) for categorical variables and independent t test for continuous variables, p < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.
  3. MAC: mid arm circumference, CC: calf circumference, ADL: activities of daily living, ASM: appendicular skeletal muscle mass, SMI: skeletal muscle mass index.
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