Table 4 Hazard ratios of incident opportunistic infections according to the time elapsed since initiation of HAART in PLWHA.

From: Short- and Long-term Risks of Highly Active Antiretroviral Treatment with Incident Opportunistic Infections among People Living with HIV/AIDS

Ā 

Time since HAART initiation

New onset of OIs

Follow-up years

IDa

Unadjusted HR (95% CI)

Adjusted HR (95% CI)b

Tuberculosis

No HAART

240

65775.64

3.65

1

1

<90 days

240

4467.27

53.72

12.90 (10.40–16.10)***

6.92 (5.28–9.08)***

90–180 days

22

4209.60

5.23

2.94 (1.87–4.63)***

1.60 (0.98–2.62)

>180 days

174

72659.42

2.39

0.92 (0.74–1.14)

0.49 (0.37–0.64)***

Disseminated MAC

No HAART

8

66121.28

0.12

1

1

<90 days

91

4554.33

19.98

88.60 (45.30–173.00)***

29.40 (14.50–59.7)***

90–180 days

20

4298.39

4.65

38.90 (17.90–84.30)***

10.40 (4.58–23.7)***

>180 days

78

74573.58

1.05

9.85 (4.78–20.30)***

2.17 (1.03–4.58)*

CMV infection

No HAART

127

66046.15

1.92

1

1

<90 days

520

4428.12

117.4

38.60 (31.30–47.70)***

13.30 (10.30–17.10)***

90–180 days

47

4171.16

11.27

11.80 (8.33–16.70)***

3.54 (2.42–5.18)***

>180 days

199

72105.43

2.76

3.01 (2.29–3.94)***

0.69 (0.51–0.93)*

Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia

No HAART

875

65951.09

13.27

1

1

<90 days

1544

4003.77

385.6

26.1 (23.6–28.8)***

7.78 (6.88–8.79)***

90–180 days

49

3777.91

12.97

2.83 (2.12–3.78)***

0.76 (0.56–1.03)

>180 days

510

63964.61

7.97

1.23 (1.08–1.41)**

0.26 (0.23–0.31)***

meningitis

No HAART

48

66117.11

0.73

1

1

<90 days

147

4531.52

32.44

30.50 (21.60–43.20)***

8.67 (5.64–13.30)***

90–180 days

11

4281.21

2.57

7.95 (4.14–15.30)***

1.88 (0.93–3.81)

>180 days

58

74162.14

0.78

2.92 (1.76–4.83)***

0.52 (0.31–0.87)*

Candidiasis

No HAART

994

64894.10

15.32

1

1

<90 days

1121

3928.09

285.4

14.90 (13.40–16.60)***

5.59 (4.91–6.37)***

90–180 days

46

3693.14

12.46

2.12 (1.57–2.85)***

0.78 (0.57–1.06)

>180 days

497

61699.75

8.06

1.05 (0.92–1.19)

0.32 (0.28–0.37)***

Penicillium marneffei infection

No HAART

52

66009.16

0.79

1

1

<90 days

80

4530.86

17.66

15.4 (10.3–22.9)***

6.86 (4.14–11.4)***

90–180 days

9

4280.86

2.10

4.66 (2.28–9.52)***

1.99 (0.89–4.47)

>180 days

82

73911.32

1.11

2.58 (1.72–3.88)***

0.90 (0.55–1.47)

Toxoplasma encephalitis

No HAART

20

66121.89

0.30

1

1

<90 days

45

4557.73

9.87

23.00 (11.60–45.50)***

6.63 (2.81–15.6)***

90–180 days

2

4308.42

0.46

3.90 (0.97–15.80)

1.03 (0.23–4.67)

>180 days

34

74767.40

0.45

2.40 (1.29–4.46)**

0.59 (0.30–1.16)

  1. **<0.01; ***<0.001. aEvents per 1,000 person-years. bAdjusted for demographic data, comorbidities, and AIDS status. HAART = highly active anti-retroviral therapy; PLWHA = people living with HIV/AIDS; OIs = opportunistic infections; AHR = adjusted hazard ratio; CI = confident interval; MAC = Mycobacterium avium complex infection; CMV = cytomegalovirus.