Figure 4

Effects of MACl concentration on the morphology, light absorption, and texture of the perovskite films. (a) Grain sizes by SEM and (b) absorptance spectra. X-ray diffraction with (c) θ–2θ scan, (d) ω scan for the (110)-plane rocking, and (e) FWHM of rocking curves from (d). All the films are annealed at 120 °C for 600 s.