Table 1 List of parameters used in the simulations.

Thickness, (μm)

50

25

60

Solid ftaction ε_s

0.563

0.629

Liquid fraction ε_l

0.401

0.43

0.271

Particle radius, r_p (μm)

14.9 × 10⁻⁶

2.4 × 10⁻⁶

c_s.max (mol/m³)

28600

23339

D_s (m²/s)

1.4523 × 10⁻¹³

1.0 × 10⁻¹⁴

k_r (m/s)

3.11 × 10⁻¹¹

2.00 × 10⁻¹¹

Active material Fraction

1.0

1.0

SOC _min

0.05

0.35

SOC _max

0.90

0.995

c_e (mol/m³)

1150

1150

1150