Table 4 Variation in breeding date in relation to methylation at clock. Linear mixed model of breeding date in relation to methylation at clock poly-Q or clock 5′-UTR, sex and age (yearling vs older). Family, year and study area (Italy or Switzerland) were included in the models as random effects. Sample size was 234 individuals (75 yearlings, 159 older individuals; 141 males; 93 females) for clock poly-Q and 236 individuals (77, 159, 143, 93) for clock 5′-UTR.

From: Inter-generational resemblance of methylation levels at circadian genes and associations with phenology in the barn swallow

 

F

df

P

coefficient (SE)

Clock poly-Q

    Sex

0.73

1,86

0.396

 

    Age

40.33

1,86

<0.001

 

    Methylation

10.12

1,86

0.002

 

    Sex × age

1.35

1,86

0.249

 

    Age × methylation

3.44

1,86

0.067

Yearlings: −4.89 (1.54)a

Older: −1.45 (1.16)b

    Sex × methylation

5.07

1,86

0.027

Males: −1.06 (1.12)

Females: −5.28 (1.58)c

Clock 5′-UTR

    Sex

5.37

1,91

0.023

 

    Age

41.31

1,91

<0.001

 

    Methylation

3.58

1,91

0.062

−2.17 (1.15)

  1. at = −3.18, P = 0.002; bt = −1.25, P = 0.215; ct = −3.35, P = 0.0012.
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