Figure 2
Biliverdin activates mTORC2 and AMPK signaling in leukocytes. Healthy donor’s blood was untreated or treated in vitro. Then, leukocytes were isolated, lysed, normalized for protein content and analyzed by western blotting. (a,b) Blood was untreated (UN; lane 1), or treated for 1 hr with LPS alone (10 ng/ml; lane 2), biliverdin alone (50 μM; lane 3), or co-treated with biliverdin plus rapamycin (Rapa, 100 nM; lane 4), plus torin (50 nM; lane 5), or plus GSK2334470 (GSK, 3 μM; lane 6). In (b). lane 7, a lysate of biliverdin treated (50 μM; 1 hr) Raw 264.7 cells served as a positive control (PC). (c) Blood was untreated (UN; lane 1), or treated for 1 hr with LPS (10 ng/ml; lane 2), biliverdin (50 μM; lane 3), or metformin (10 μM; lane 4).
