Figure 1

Overview of seasonal dynamics of insect pests and the timing of experimental trials. Mean numbers of pests present across untreated control plots, for all trials running at each given date, are shown from the start of the first trial until the end of the final trial. (a) Lepidopterans. (b) Aphids. (c) Timing of trials: Dark bars, Multan trials; Light bars, Bahawalpur trials (see also Table 1).