Table 2 Effects of insecticide treatments and sowing date† on the total numbers of pests observed.

From: Field evaluation of synthetic and neem-derived alternative insecticides in developing action thresholds against cauliflower pests

 

Multan

Bahawalpur

2015–16

2016–17

2015–16

2016–17

Insecticide

Sowing date

Insecticide

Sowing date

Insecticide

Sowing date

Insecticide

Sowing date

ANCOVAs

F

df

P

F

df

P

F

df

P

F

df

P

F

df

P

F

df

P

F

df

P

F

df

P

Species

Spodoptera litura

2.72

7,49

0.018

29.32

1,49

<0.001*

—

—

—

—

—

—

1.99

7,55

0.073

36.43

1,55

<0.001*

13.46

5,45

<0.001*

888.85

1,45

<0.001*

Spodoptera exigua

0.30

7,49

0.948

0.31

1,49

0.581

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

0.42

5,45

0.834

59.95

1,45

<0.001*

Helicoverpa armigera

0.68

7,49

0.685

0.33

1,49

0.571

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

6.74

5,45

<0.001*

5.36

1,45

0.02

Plutella xylostella

5.34

7,49

<0.001*

47.46

1,49

<0.001*

89.44

5,10

<0.001*

—

—

—

1.37

7,55

0.238

23.29

1,55

<0.001*

—

—

—

—

—

—

Trichoplusia orichalcea

1.00

7,49

0.443

0.18

1,49

0.670

—

—

—

—

—

—

1.43

7,55

0.211

20.90

1,55

<0.001*

0.98

5,45

0.439

2.92

1,45

0.09

Brevicoryne brassicae

—

—

—

—

—

—

228.90

5,10

<0.001*

—

—

—

2.42

7,55

0.031

2.07

1,55

0.156

—

—

—

—

—

—

MANOVA

Wilks’ λ,

0.094

0.420

<0.001

—

0.157

0.381

0.240

0.044

Rao F(df)

4.11(35,192)

12.42(5,45)

46.07(10,18)

—

4.53(28,189)

21.07(4,52)

3.77(20,140)

224.54(4,42)

P

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

—

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

  1. †Effects of sowing date could not be evaluated in 2016–17 in Multan due to two trials being abandoned (Table 1); when evaluated, comparisons were across the first three plantings at each site in each year. Date effects could also be due to within-season variation in cultivars (Table 1).
  2. *Because several ANCOVA tests were carried within years and sites we adjusted the significance criterion according to the Bonferroni procedure by dividing the significance criterion (0.05) by the number of species present at each site in each year. P-values less than these adjusted values are indicated with an asterisk.
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