Table 1 Spatio-temporal variables, impacts in time domain and frequency on three surfaces of artificial turf at different speeds in football players.

From: Influence of the structural components of artificial turf systems on impact attenuation in amateur football players

 

ATS 1 (1)

ATS 2 (2)

ATS 3 (3)

3.3 m/s (12 km/h)

4 m/s (14.4 km/h)

Vmax

3.3 m/s (12 km/h)

4 m/s (14.4 km/h)

Vmax

3.3 m/s (12 km/h)

4 m/s (14.4 km/h)

Vmax

Spatio-temporal

   TPTA (ms)

21.06 ± 1.96c

20.98 ± 2.00c

24.00 ± 3.07c

21.15 ± 1.53c

21.66 ± 1.31c

22.97 ± 1.61c

28.73 ± 2.05a,b

29.71 ± 1.78a,b

31.43 ± 4.56a,b

   TPHA (ms)

21.17 ± 1.95c

21.10 ± 2.00c

24.06 ± 3.07c

21.29 ± 1.50c

21.77 ± 1.32c

23.03 ± 1.60c

28.88 ± 2.06a,b

29.85 ± 1.78a,b

31.53 ± 4.59a,b

   Stride Time (ms)

705.35 ± 40.42c

684.68 ± 36.58c

552.35 ± 57.68c

694.63 ± 33.15c

679.32 ± 45.41c

543.56 ± 43.22c

983.53 ± 68.32a,b

947.50 ± 34.91a,b

735.00 ± 11.94a,b

   Stride length (m)

2.33 ± 0.15

2.74 ± 0.16

3.06 ± 0.64

2.32 ± 0.14

2.84 ± 0.74

3.16 ± 0.59

2.36 ± 0.14

2.68 ± 0.11

3.31 ± 0.07

   Stride frequency (Hz)

1.80 ± 0.11

1.86 ± 0.18

2.29 ± 0.18

1.81 ± 0.13

1.84 ± 0.11

2.39 ± 0.19

1.77 ± 0.11

1.82 ± 0.07

2.47 ± 0.22

Time impacts

   Tibia Acc Rate (g/ms)

0.56 ± 0.26c

0.76 ± 0.30

1.26 ± 0.20

0.60 ± 0.39c

0.75 ± 0.46

1.54 ± 0.46

0.25 ± 0.07a,b

0.57 ± 0.41

1.39 ± 0.09

   Head Acc Rate (g/ms)

0.09 ± 0.03

0.12 ± 0.06c

0.32 ± 0.16c

0.09 ± 0.04

0.09 ± 0.04

0.26 ± 0.09

0.04 ± 0.01

0.04 ± 0.01a

0.21 ± 0.07a

   Satt (%)

63.00 ± 4.97

64.25 ± 4.40

62.13 ± 13.35

63.22 ± 6.68

63.69 ± 3.79

66.19 ± 5.02

67.36 ± 7.17

67.19 ± 4.10

63.86 ± 6.87

   TPM (g)

9.68 ± 1.79

10.79 ± 2.10

16.01 ± 1.73

9.10 ± 2.10

10.15 ± 2.23

14.34 ± 1.89

8.63 ± 1.87

10.42 ± 2.33

14.16 ± 1.90

   HPM (g)

2.74 ± 0.49c

2.95 ± 0.59

4.06 ± 0.65

2.77 ± 0.49c

2.95 ± 0.52

3.88 ± 0.75

2.16 ± 0.46a,b

2.51 ± 0.54

3.78 ± 0.38

Frequency impacts

   TSMlow (g2/Hz)

0.34 ± 0.08

0.50 ± 0.15

4.16 ± 1.34

0.31 ± 0.08

0.48 ± 0.14

4.56 ± 1.35

0.37 ± 0.10

0.55 ± 0.06

4.00 ± 1.04

   TSMhigh (g2/Hz)

0.55 ± 0.22

0.75 ± 0.27

2.57 ± 0.90

0.44 ± 0.15

0.63 ± 0.17

2.41 ± 1.10

0.41 ± 0.13

0.59 ± 0.22

2.17 ± 0.17

   HSMlow (g2/Hz)

0.44 ± 0.08

0.47 ± 0.10

0.16 ± 0.14

0.42 ± 0.08

0.46 ± 0.10

0.15 ± 0.08

0.39 ± 0.06

0.44 ± 0.08

0.12 ± 0.05

   HSMhigh (g2/Hz)

0.06 ± 0.03

0.06 ± 0.03

0.31 ± 0.17

0.05 ± 0.03

0.06 ± 0.02

0.25 ± 0.13

0.05 ± 0.02

0.06 ± 0.03

0.22 ± 0.11

   ATTlow (dB)

−17.20 ± 18.41

−21.70 ± 16.18

−84.21 ± 28.33

−18.11 ± 18.41

−20.95 ± 14.85

−89.93 ± 18.47

−16.02 ± 7.94

−22.61 ± 11.96

−90.82 ± 13.45

   ATThigh (dB)

−125.02 ± 23.07

−148.75 ± 36.24

−118.79 ± 26.59

−122.07 ± 26.66

−137.91 ± 22.61

−115.96 ± 28.21

−134.35 ± 29.28

−139.86 ± 19.21

−109.87 ± 15.43

  1. *Positive values for ATTlow, high indicate a gain in signal power whereas negative values indicate attenuation of signal power. a,b,cSignificant differences (p < 0.05) with the Artificial Turf System indicated (ATS). TPTA: Time to Tibial Peak Acceleration; TPHA: Time to Head Peak Acceleration; Satt: Shock Attenuation; TPM: Tibial Peak Acceleration Magnitude; HPM: Head Peak Acceleration Magnitude; TSM: Tibial Signal Magnitude; HSM: Head Signal Magnitude; ATT: Shock Attenuation.