Figure 1

(A) Cutting radially through a slice of Irish Ash tree releases what were clearly high levels of residual stresses in the circumferential and radial directions; (B) Cutting an axial slab of fresh carrot along the dashed lines reveals that the outer layers (1 and 4) were almost stress-free whilst the core layers (2 and 3) were subjected to large inhomogeneous axial and radial residual stresses; (C) Layer-specific structure of a cut human aorta ring (from Holzapfel et al.¹), revealed once it is unloaded from blood pressure and from axial and radial residual stresses: the circumferential residual stress causes a consequent contraction in the unloaded state, leading to buckling and even delimitation on the inner surface.