Table 1 Characteristics of studies included in the meta-analysis.

From: An Effective Meta-analysis of Magnetic Stimulation Therapy for Urinary Incontinence

Study	Jadad score	Type of UI	Diagnosis method	Group	Sample size	Age, mean (SD)	Length of intervention period and frequency	Location	Protocols	Additional therapy	Outcome measures and results	Instrument or questionnaire used	Follow-up period
Fujishiro 2000	0	SUI	Voiding diary	Active	31	58 (37–79)^a	Only once	Sacral roots	30-min stimulation repetition of 15 Hz in 5-s per minute	None	1. Maximum urethral closure pressure; 2. Frequency of UI; 3. QoL; 4. Objective cure^b; 5. Improved incontinence^c	1. Cystometry; 2. 3-day urinary diary; 3. 1-hour pad test	1 week
Fujishiro 2000	0	SUI	Voiding diary	Sham	31	58 (37–79)^a	Only once	Sacral roots	Use sham stimulating coil	None		1. Cystometry; 2. 3-day urinary diary; 3. 1-hour pad test	1 week
Manganotti 2007	0	SUI	Voiding diary	Active	10	50.1 (2.86)	Three sessions per week for 2 weeks	Sacral roots	15-min stimulation repetition cycle of 15 Hz in 3 s per minute	None	1. QoL; 2. Severity of SUI; 3. Stress pad test	1. KHQ; 2. SEAPI-QMM Incontinence Classification System; 3. 1-hour pad test	1 month
Manganotti 2007	0	SUI	Voiding diary	Sham	10	50.1 (2.86)	Three sessions per week for 2 weeks	Sacral roots	The magnetic coil was positioned over the sacrum in a vertical position	None	1. QoL; 2. Severity of SUI; 3. Stress pad test		1 month
Gilling 2009	4	SUI	Urodynamic examination	Active	35	54.0 (2.0)	Three treatment sessions per week for 6 weeks	Pelvic floor	1. 10-min stimulation at 10 Hz; 2. 3-min rest; 3. 10-min stimulation at 50 Hz	Low intensity home-based PFMT	1. Frequency of UI; 2. Stress pad test; 3. PFM strength; 4. QoL; 5. ALPP	1. 3-day urinary diary; 2. CVM score; 3. I-QoL; 4. KHQ; 5. Urodynamic test; 6. Perineometer	6-month
Gilling 2009	4	SUI	Urodynamic examination	Sham	35	54.8 (2.2)	Three treatment sessions per week for 6 weeks	Pelvic floor	A thin deflective aluminium plate inserted in the chair	Low intensity home-based PFMT			6-month
Yamanishi 2017	4	SUI	Urodynamic examination	Active	18	NA	One session per week for 10 weeks	Pelvic floor	20-min stimulation repetition cycle of 50 Hz in a 5-s “on” 5-s “off” pulsing manner	NA	1. Frequency of UI; 2. Severity of UI; 3. Stress pad test; 4. QoL; 5. ALPP	1. 7-day urinary diary; 2. 24-h pad test; 3. ICIQ-UI SF score; 4. ICIQ-LUTSqol; 5. Urodynamic test	10-week
Yamanishi 2017	4	SUI	Urodynamic examination	Sham	12	NA	One session per week for 10 weeks	Pelvic floor	1 Hz in 5-s on/5-s off cycles, with a maximum output of ≤42% of the active stimulation	NA			10-week
Lim 2017	5	SUI	Voiding diary, ICIQ-UI SF score	Active	60	51.8 (10.0)	Two sessions per week for 2 months	Pelvic floor and sphincter muscles	20-min stimulation repetition cycle of 50 Hz in an 8-s “on” 4-s “off” pulsing manner	None	1. Frequency of UI; 2. Objective cure^d; 3. Subjective cure; 4. Stress pad test; 5. PFM function; 6. Severity of UI	1. Urinary diary; 2. ICIQ-UI SF score; 3. Perineometer; 4. PGI-I; 5. ICIQ-LUTSqol; 6. 1-hour pad test	14-month
Lim 2017	5	SUI	Voiding diary, ICIQ-UI SF score	Sham	60	52.7 (7.8)	Two sessions per week for 2 months	Pelvic floor and sphincter muscles	The magnetic coil was tilted 22 degrees down	None			14-month
Fujishiro 2002	0	UUI	Voiding diary	Active	22	61.3 (8.3)	Only once	Sacral roots	30-min stimulation repetition of 15 Hz in 5-s per minute	None	1. Maximum urethral closure pressure; 2. Frequency of UI; 3. QoL	1. 3-day urinary diary; 2. Cystometry	1 week
Fujishiro 2002	0	UUI	Voiding diary	Sham	15	62.7 (8.9)	Only once	Sacral roots	Use sham stimulating coil	None		1. 3-day urinary diary; 2. Cystometry	1 week
Suzuki 2007	2	UUI	Urodynamic examination, Voiding diary	Active	20	65.2 (13.1)	One session per week for 10 weeks	Pelvic floor	10 Hz with a pulse width of 300 μs for 20-min	None	1. Frequency of UI; 2. Severity of UI; 3. QoL	1. 7-day urinary diary; 2.ICIQ-UI SF score; 3. ICIQ-LUTSqol; 4. Urodynamic test	24-week
Suzuki 2007	2	UUI	Urodynamic examination, Voiding diary	Sham	19	71.4 (12.6)	One session per week for 10 weeks	Pelvic floor	1 Hz in 5-s on/5-s off manner with a maximum output of ≤20% of the active stimulation	None	1. Frequency of UI; 2. Severity of UI; 3. QoL		24-week
Yamanishi 2014	2	UUI	Voiding diary	Active	94	64.1 (13.9)	Two sessions per week for 6 weeks	Pelvic floor	10 Hz with a pulse width of 300 μs for 25-min	None	1. Frequency of UI; 2. Severity of UI; 3. QoL	1. 7-day urinary diary; 2. OABSS; 3. IPSS QoL	None
Yamanishi 2014	2	UUI	Voiding diary	Sham	49	67.2 (13.0)	Two sessions per week for 6 weeks	Pelvic floor	1 Hz in 5-s on/5-s off manner with a maximum output of ≤20% of the active stimulation	None	1. Frequency of UI; 2. Severity of UI; 3. QoL	1. 7-day urinary diary; 2. OABSS; 3. IPSS QoL	None
But 2005	3	MUI	Urodynamic examination, voiding diary	Active	23	54.0 (28–70)^a	Daily use for 2 months	Pelvic floor	18.5 Hz continuous stimulation	None	Severity of UI	Urodynamic test	None
But 2005	3	MUI	Urodynamic examination, voiding diary	Sham	16	54.0 (28–70)^a	Daily use for 2 months	Pelvic floor	Inactive stimulation	None	Severity of UI	Urodynamic test	None
But 2003	3	UI	Urodynamic examination, voiding diary	Active	30	55.8 (34–78)^a	Daily use for 2 months	Pelvic floor	10 Hz with a pulse width of 55 μs for daily	None	1. Frequency of UI; 2. Severity of UI; 3. PFM strength	1. Volume-voided chart; 2. Visual analog scale; 3. Flowmetry; 4. Perineometer	None
But 2003	3	UI	Urodynamic examination, voiding diary	Sham	22	55.8 (34–78)^a	Daily use for 2 months	Pelvic floor	Inactive stimulation	None	1. Frequency of UI; 2. Severity of UI; 3. PFM strength		None

Abbreviations: UI, urinary incontinence; SUI, stress urinary incontinence; UUI, urgency urinary incontinence; MUI, mixed urinary incontinence; ICIQ-UI SF, Incontinence Questionnaire-Urinary Incontinence Short Form; SD, standard deviation; PFMT, pelvic floor muscle training; NA, not available; QoL, quality of life; PFM, pelvic floor muscle; ALLP, abdominal leak-point pressure; KHQ, King’s Health Questionnaire; CVM, circumvaginal muscle; I-QOL, Urinary Incontinence Quality of Life; ICIQ-LUTSqol, International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Lower Urinary Tract Symptom Quality of Life; OABSS, overactive bladder symptom score; IPSS, International Prostate Symptom Score. ^aMean (range). ^bNo incontinence noted in the voiding diary and leaking of less than 1 gm. ^cFrequency of incontinence or leaking volume on the pad test decreased by more than 50% compared with the baseline level. ^dLeakage less than 1 gm on the 1-hour pad test.

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Table 1 Characteristics of studies included in the meta-analysis.

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