Table 3 Adjusted relative risks (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between obesity, comorbidities and adverse labor and neonatal outcomes in singleton deliveries of women between 2005 and 2016 (n = 324,664).

Hypertensive disorders

4.01 (3.81,4.22)

Pre-existing diabetes

3.83 (3.48,4.20)

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)

3.24 (3.11,3.36)

Cesarean section

1.55 (1.52,1.58)

1.41 (1.37,1.44)

1.52 (1.48,1.56)

1.84 (1.76,1.91)

Epidural anesthesia

1.05 (1.02,1.07)

1.01 (0.98,1.04)

1.07 (1.04,1.10)

0.99 (0.93,1.04)

Failure to progress in labor

1.48 (1.42,1.54)

0.94 (0.89,0.99)

1.54 (1.47,1.61)

1.25 (1.13,1.37)

Fetal heart rate anomaly

1.09 (1.06,1.12)

1.06 (1.03,1.09)

1.12 (1.09,1.15)

1.01 (0.95,1.07)

Induction of labor

1.65 (1.60,1.69)

2.06 (2.01,2.11)

1.54 (1.49,1.59)

2.60 (2.49,2.71)

Instrumental vaginal delivery^‡

1.06 (1.02,1.11)

1.02 (0.98,1.07)

1.07 (1.02,1.12)

1.02 (0.93,1.13)

Prolonged labor

1.04 (1.00,1.09)

0.86 (0.82,0.91)

1.07 (1.02,1.13)

0.89 (0.81,0.91)

Shoulder dystocia

1.69 (1.46,1.95)

1.74 (1.49,2.01)

1.53 (1.29,1.80)

2.78 (2.14,3.55)

5′ Apgar score ≤7

1.17 (1.11,1.23)

1.40 (1.33,1.45)

1.08 (1.02,1.15)

1.60 (1.46,1.75)

Early neonatal death

1.08 (0.88,1.31)

1.30 (1.06,1.57)

0.94 (0.73,1.18)

1.68 (1.19,2.29)

Fracture of the clavicle

1.61 (1.20,2.12)

1.06 (0.72,1.51)

1.65 (1.20,2.23)

1.47 (0.70,2.67)

Intensive care unit admission

1.22 (1.16,1.29)

2.03 (1.93,2.13)

1.08 (1.01,1.16)

2.10 (1.92,2.29)

Macrosomia

1.93 (1.86,2.00)

1.11 (1.05,1.16)

1.96 (1.89,2.04)

1.84 (1.70,1.99)

Neonatal hypoglycemia (<2 mmol/L)

1.64 (1.45,1.86)

4.28 (3.88,4.71)

1.26 (1.05,1.49)

4.63 (3.91,5.44)

Preterm birth (<37 weeks of gestation)

0.99 (0.94,1.05)

2.34 (2.26,2.44)

0.81 (0.76,0.87)

2.03 (1.88,2.20)

Respiratory distress of newborn

1.34 (1.27,1.41)

1.79 (1.70,1.89)

1.23 (1.15,1.32)

2.03 (1.85,2.23)