Table 1 Historical periods and archaeological site types considered in this study.

From: Long-lasting effects of historical land use on the current distribution of mammals revealed by ecological and archaeological patterns

Period

Year*a

Archaeological site type

Settlement

Ironwork

Kiln

Jomon

ca. 12,000 BCE to ca. 300 BCE

â—‹

  

Yayoi

ca. 900 BCE to ca. 300

â—‹

  

Kofun

ca. 300 to ca. 700

â—‹

â—‹

â—‹

Antiquity*b

592 to 1192

â—‹

â—‹

â—‹

Feudal*c

1192 to 1573

â—‹

â—‹

â—‹

Early modern*d

1573 to 1868

â—‹

â—‹

â—‹

  1. *aJomon, Yayoi, Kofun and Antiquity are defined by the types of archaeological remains, such as stone tools and pottery, and architectural styles, and their boundaries overlap.
  2. *bConsisting of the Asuka, Nara and Heian periods.
  3. *cConsisting of the Kamakura, Nanbokucho, Muromachi and Sengoku periods.
  4. *dConsisting of the Azuchi–Momoyama and Edo periods.