Figure 4
Experimental design to test the within- and transgenerational effects of sublethal insecticide exposure on survival and body mass in the Colorado potato beetle. Here the progress of the study is visualized by the ordering of the nodes. The vertical axis describes the observational time and different generations and the horizontal axis describes the causal order of events. Here the dashed arrows correspond to transgenerational (TG) causal relationships. For example, the treatment of the first generation parents has an effect on body mass of the offspring in the second generation. Open circles denote unobserved variables. Filled circles denote variables that have been measured from the sample. Similarly, diamonds denote variables that have been determined by the researcher, such as the assigned treatments or mating of each generation in this case. Our graphical presentation is a simplified version of66.
