Table 4 Multilevel poisson regression analysis of dental caries experience (decayed or filled primary teeth and Decayed, Missing, or Filled permanent teeth) in the second grade (n of individual teeth [level 1] = 80,897; n [level 2] = 3,578) by grandparent co-residence.

From: Association between grandparent co-residence, socioeconomic status and dental caries among early school-aged children in Japan: A population-based prospective study

Outcome

Crude

Model I

Model II

Model III

Model IV

PR

95%CI

APR

95%CI

APR

95%CI

APR

95%CI

APR

95%CI

Grandparent co-residence

   Yes

1.28

(1.03–1.60)

1.29

(1.03–1.61)

1.15

(0.92–1.45)

1.13

(0.90–1.42)

1.06

(0.85–1.33)

   No

ref

 

ref

 

ref

 

ref

 

ref

 

Tooth type

   Decidious tooth

ref

 

ref

 

ref

 

ref

 

ref

 

   Permanent tooth

0.09

(0.08–0.97)

0.09

(0.08–0.10)

0.09

(0.08–0.10)

0.09

(0.08–0.10)

0.09

(0.08–0.10)

Sex

   Male

ref

 

ref

 

ref

 

ref

 

ref

 

   Female

0.85

(0.74–0.97)

0.90

(0.78–1.03)

0.89

(0.78–1.02)

0.87

(0.76–0.99)

0.90

(0.78–1.02)

Age (month)

1.00

(0.98–1.02)

1.00

(0.98–1.02)

1.00

(0.98–1.02)

1.00

(0.98–1.02)

1.00

(0.98–1.02)

Maternal education

   Highschool graduate or less

ref

   

ref

 

ref

 

ref

 

   Some college

0.73

(0.63–0.85)

  

0.76

(0.66–0.89)

0.79

(0.68–0.92)

0.88

(0.76–1.03)

   College or University graduate

0.50

(0.41–0.60)

  

0.53

(0.43–0.64)

0.57

(0.47–0.70)

0.67

(0.55–0.81)

   Other

0.66

(0.28–1.56)

  

0.67

(0.28–1.60)

0.64

(0.27–1.53)

0.71

(0.30–1.69)

Household income (yen)

   <3 million

ref

   

ref

 

ref

 

ref

 

   3 million ~ <6 million

0.72

(0.58–0.90)

  

0.83

(0.65–1.06)

0.81

(0.64–1.04)

0.85

(0.66–1.08)

   6 million ~ <10 million

0.51

(0.40–0.64)

  

0.63

(0.48–0.81)

0.61

(0.47–0.79)

0.66

(0.51–0.85)

   10 million and above

0.63

(0.47–0.85)

  

0.87

(0.63–1.21)

0.82

(0.59–1.14)

0.89

(0.65–1.23)

Living arrangement with parents

   Living with two parents

ref

   

ref

 

ref

 

ref

 

   Lone-parent household

1.61

(1.29–2.01)

  

1.20

(0.92–1.56)

1.22

(0.94–1.58)

1.20

(0.93–1.56)

Birth order

   First-born or only child

ref

     

ref

 

ref

 

   Middle or last-born

1.73

(1.51–1.97)

    

1.69

(1.48–1.93)

1.58

(1.39–1.81)

Parental contorl over snack intake

   Conrolled by parent(s)

ref

       

ref

 

   Eating at any time

1.96

(1.69–2.28)

      

1.56

(1.33–1.82)

Sugar-sweetened beverage intake

   <1 time/day

ref

       

ref

 

   1 time or more/day

1.89

(1.61–2.22)

      

1.58

(1.34–1.86)

Tooth brushing

   <2 times/day

ref

       

ref

 

   2 times or more/day

0.64

(0.55–0.74)

      

0.79

(0.68–0.92)

Supervised tooth brushing practice

   No

ref

       

ref

 

   Yes

0.65

(0.55–0.78)

      

0.86

(0.71–1.03)

  1. PR = Prevalence Ratio; APR = Adjusted Prevalence Ratio (Model I adjusted for tooth type and demographics; Model II further adjusted for parental SES; Model III further adjusted for birth order; Model IV further adjusted for health behaviors).
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