Table 2 Associations of severe diabetic retinopathy status and visual acuity (independent variables) with retinal arteriolar, venular and capillary parameters (dependent variables), using linear regression.

Retinal vascular parameters	Severe DR^a			LogMAR VA^a
Retinal vascular parameters	β	95% CI	p-value	β	95% CI	p-value
Arteriolar and venular (SIVA) parameters
CRAE	−16.00	−27.01 to −4.99	0.007	−34.81	−64.15 to −5.46	0.025
CRVE	−14.22	−31.12 to 2.68	0.106	−42.32	−85.56 to 0.92	0.062
AVR	−0.03	−0.08 to 0.02	0.244	−0.02	−0.15 to 0.12	0.798
FDt	−0.05	−0.12 to 0.01	0.125	−0.26	−0.41 to −0.11	0.001
FDa	−0.05	−0.11 to 0.01	0.093	−0.17	−0.30 to −0.05	0.011
FDv	−0.03	−0.09 to 0.02	0.220	−0.22	−0.35 to −0.10	0.001
Capillary (OCT-A) parameters
SVP CDI	−0.02	−0.03 to −0.01	0.002	−0.02	−0.05 to 0.01	0.182
DVP CDI	−0.01	−0.02 to 0.00	0.152	−0.01	−0.04 to 0.02	0.377
SVP FDc	0.02	−0.02 to 0.06	0.304	−0.04	−0.13 to 0.06	0.439
DVP FDc	−0.04	−0.10 to 0.01	0.118	−0.12	−0.23 to −0.02	0.027

Abbreviations: DR = diabetic retinopathy; logMAR = logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution; VA = visual acuity; CI = confidence interval; SIVA = Singapore I Vessel Assessment; CRAE = central retinal arteriolar equivalent; CRVE = central retinal venular equivalent; AVR = arteriole-venule ratio; FDt = total fractal dimension; FDa = arteriole fractal dimension; FDv = venule fractal dimension; OCT-A = optical coherence tomography angiography; SVP = superficial vascular plexus; CDI = capillary density index; DVP = deep vascular plexus; FDc = capillary fractal dimension; DME = diabetic macular edema.
^aBivariate linear regression analysis with DME included as an independent variable.

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