Table 4 Risk of GI bleeding by drug combinations in clinically-relevant subgroups.

From: Effectiveness of acid suppressants and other mucoprotective agents in reducing the risk of occult gastrointestinal bleeding in nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug users

Subgroup

Drug combinations

NSAID monotherapy

PPI

H2RA

Misoprostol

Rebamipide

Eupatilin

Age

<60 years

reference

0.17 (0.08-0.37)

0.41 (0.31-0.54)

0.85 (0.40-1.81)

0.48 (0.37-0.62)

0.87 (0.69-1.09)

≥60 years

reference

0.42 (0.27-0.66)

0.36 (0.28-0.48)

0.18 (0.02-1.25)

0.54 (0.41-0.71)

0.95 (0.81-1.12)

Sex

Male

reference

0.32 (0.16-0.66)

0.49 (0.35-0.68)

0.45 (0.14-1.40)

0.53 (0.38-0.73)

1.29 (1.00-1.65)

Female

reference

0.29 (0.18-0.45)

0.31 (0.24-0.39)

0.60 (0.25-1.45)

0.39 (0.31-0.50)

0.86 (0.74-1.01)

Renal function

Cr < 1.2 mg/dl

reference

0.22 (0.13-0.36)

0.32 (0.26-0.41)

0.52 (0.19-1.41)

0.37 (0.30-0.47)

0.92 (0.79-1.07)

Cr ≥ 1.2 mg/dl

reference

0.57 (0.32-1.04)

0.45 (0.32-0.63)

0.50 (0.19-1.36)

0.60 (0.43-0.84)

1.16 (0.88-1.53)

Obesity

BMI < 25

reference

0.25 (0.11-0.57)

0.37 (0.25-0.53)

0.99 (0.31-3.12)

0.45 (0.31-0.65)

0.77 (0.56-1.05)

BMI ≥ 25

reference

0.09 (0.02-0.35)

0.27 (0.18-0.41)

0.39 (0.05-2.28)

0.30 (0.19-0.44)

0.86 (0.67-1.10)

  1. Estimated from Cox proportional hazard models. Multivariable model was adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, creatinine level, and co-morbidities.
  2. GI, gastrointestinal; NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; PPI, proton pump inhibitor; H2RA, histamine-2 receptor antagonist; Cr, creatinine; BMI, body mass index; IHD, ischemic heart disease.
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