Figure 4

SEM images of (a) PVDF UF membrane, (b) NF-0, (c) NF-1, (d) NF-2, (e) NF-3 and (f) NF-4; (a1–f1: the surface, a2–f2: the cross section).

SEM images of (a) PVDF UF membrane, (b) NF-0, (c) NF-1, (d) NF-2, (e) NF-3 and (f) NF-4; (a1–f1: the surface, a2–f2: the cross section).