Table 1 Percutaneous penetration of CAR in vitro tests.

From: Enhancement of exfoliating efficacy of L-carnitine with ion-pair method monitored by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Percentage of applied product

CAR

CAR, BT

CAR, PQ

CAR, HSC

SC

4.12 ± 0.60

1.87 ± 1.46

2.38 ± 0.65

9.19 ± 1.24

Other epidermal layers

5.01 ± 2.00

2.38 ± 1.77

4.17 ± 2.46

14.52 ± 5.70

Dermal layers

N.D.

N.D.

N.D.

N.D.

Effluent fraction

N.D.

N.D.

N.D.

N.D.

  1. Penetration alteration of 4 wt% CAR with same molar ratio of three different types of counter ions, betaine (BT), polyquaternium-51 (PQ) or HSC. The p-value for each sample vs. control by Student’s t-test is less than 0.5.
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