Table 2 Percutaneous penetration of CAR in vitro tests compared with glycolic acid and lactic acid.

From: Enhancement of exfoliating efficacy of L-carnitine with ion-pair method monitored by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Percentage of applided product

4% CAR

4% glycolic acid

4% lactic acid

SC

4.12 ± 0.60

14.48 ± 7.01

10.60 ± 6.01

Other epidermal layers

5.01 ± 2.00

4.75 ± 1.06

10.05 ± 4.28

Dermal layers

N.D.

13.05 ± 9.68

11.80 ± 7.04

Effluent fraction

  1. Percutaneous penetration of CAR, glycolic acid and lactic acid. All data are mean and ±standard deviation. N.D. means not detectable.
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