Figure 2

Frequencies of kdr haplotypes in the four countries from the study (total number of individuals, i.e. half the number of haplotypes, shown in brackets). The F1 haplotype is the only one present in Ghana and Burkina Faso, while haplotypes S1 and S3, along with a possible new Vgsc-995F haplotype, are found in Kenya. In the DRC, at least nine out of the ten kdr haplotypes co-exist. F and S indicate samples for which the kdr mutation was known, but the haplotype could not be determined because of failed calls in at least some background markers; F0 and S0 indicate haplotypes where the kdr mutation was known and all of the background markers produced wild-type calls, suggesting a novel haplotype background; wt = wild-type; ara = An. arabiensis; col = An. coluzzii; gam = An. gambiae.