Table 1 Concentration-dependent effects of cannabinoids on the vascularization of the egg, and the mean crown-rump (C-R) length, mean wet body weight and mean wet brain weight of chick embryos incubated for 10 days.

From: Effects of cannabinoids on the development of chick embryos in ovo

Treatment

Vascularization (mean score)

C-R length (cm)

Wet embryo weight (g)

Wet brain weight (mg)

Saline

1.97 ± 0.03 (37)

3.17 ± 0.15 (37)

1.97 ± 0.13 (37)

126 ± 7 (37)

DMSO (0.05%)

1.95 ± 0.03 (41)

3.15 ± 0.13 (41)

1.97 ± 0.08 (41)

122 ± 5 (41)

EtOH (0.05%)

1.92 ± 0.08 (12)

3.11 ± 0.11 (12)

1.87 ± 0.03 (13)

107 ± 1 (13)

α-Toc. (100 µM)

1.78 ± 0.15 (9)

2.51 ± 0.38 (9)

1.33 ± 0.25 (9)

88 ± 17 (9)

AM251 (1 µM)

1.92 ± 0.08 (12)

2.88 ± 0.23 (12)

1.47 ± 0.15 (12)

97 ± 10 (12)

HU 210

  1 µM

1.77 ± 0.17 (13)

2.97 ± 0.27 (13)

2.02 ± 0.24 (13)

118 ± 13 (13)

  3 µM

1.77 ± 0.17 (13)

3.20 ± 0.17 (13)

1.40 ± 0.25 (13)

88 ± 6 (13)

  10 µM

1.16 ± 0.16 (12)§

1.46 ± 0.21 (26)§

0.42 ± 0.12 (26)§

32 ± 9 (26)§

  10 µM +  α-Toc.

1.78 ± 0.15 (9)

2.50 ± 0.42 (9)

1.35 ± 0.27 (9)*

91 ± 18 (9)*

  10 µM + AM251

1.78 ± 0.15 (9)

2.69 ± 0.39 (9)

1.48 ± 0.28 (9)†

92 ± 18 (9)*

HU 211

  1 µM

2 (7)

3.07 ± 0.29 (7)

1.68 ± 0.32 (7)

107 ± 15 (6)

  3 µM

2 (7)

2.81 ± 0.38 (7)

1.48 ± 0.38 (7)

94 ± 18 (6)

  10 µM

2 (7)

2.99 ± 0.33 (7)

1.68 ± 0.29 (7)

106 ± 22 (6)

CBD

  5 µM

1.60 ± 0.22 (10)

2.07 ± 0.48 (10)

1.31 ± 0.35 (10)

74 ± 21 (10)

  20 µM

1.40 ± 0.22 (10)*

1.83 ± 0.55 (10)†

1.11 ± 0.37 (10)*

67 ± 22 (10)*

  50 µM

0.95 ± 0.18 (10)§

0.95 ± 0.32 (19)§

0.52 ± 0.21 (19)§

35 ± 14 (10)§

  50 µM + α-Toc.

1.89 ± 0.11 (9)‡

2.79 ± 0.40 (9)‡

1.66 ± 0.25 (9)†

121 ± 12 (8)‡

  50 µM + AM251

1.67 ± 0.17 (9)

2.14 ± 0.45 (9)

1.29 ± 0.32 (9)

106 ± 20 (8)†

AEA

  5 µM

2 (10)

3.16 ± 0.35 (10)

2.23 ± 0.06 (10)

135 ± 5 (10)

  20 µM

2 (10)

3.13 ± 0.24 (10)

1.63 ± 0.25 (10)

115 ± 15 (10)

  50 µM

2 (10)

3.08 ± 0.35 (10)

1.83 ± 0.22 (10)

116 ± 14 (10)

  1. All data are means ± SEM with number of eggs examined in brackets. Statistically significant differences (analysed by one-way ANOVA with post-hoc Bonferroni’s multiple comparisons test for the C-R length, embryo and brain weight data, or Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric test with Dunn’s test for multiple comparisons for the vascularization scores) from corresponding vehicle treatment (0.05% DMSO or EtOH), or when the combination of CB + α-Toc. or AM251 are compared with CB treatment per se, are indicated as: *P < 0.05, †P < 0.01, ‡P < 0.001, or §P < 0.0001.
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