Table 1 Altered lipid profile in Epac−/− mice.

From: Mice depleted for Exchange Proteins Directly Activated by cAMP (Epac) exhibit irregular liver regeneration in response to partial hepatectomy

 

WT

Epac1−/−

Epac2−/−

Epac1/2−/−

Control

Plasma, mmol/l

C

2.75 ± 0.09

2.26 ± 0.21aa

2.25 ± 0.13aa

2.37 ± 0.21aa

HDL-C

2.38 ± 0.03

1.91 ± 0.37aaa

1.99 ± 0.18aa

1.90 ± 0.16aaaa

LDL-C

0.20 ± 0.05

0.21 ± 0.03

0.12 ± 0.04

0.23 ± 0.10

UC

0.80 ± 0.08

0.75 ± 0.06

0.74 ± 0.04

0.78 ± 0.05

TG

1.19 ± 0.33

1.34 ± 0.14

1.44 ± 0.20

1.54 ± 0.31a

NEFA

0.23 ± 0.14

0.017 ± 0.04

0.10 ± 0.13

0.11 ± 0.01

PL

2.99 ± 0.12

2.60 ± 0.03a

2.56 ± 0.16aa

2.69 ± 0.16a

Liver, μmol/g

C

6.35 ± 0.43

7.77 ± 2.09

6.35 ± 0.51

6.69 ± 0.34

TG

5.25 ± 0.91

5.73 ± 0.46

8.86 ± 3.07

5.01 ± 0.50

NEFA

0.61 ± 0.10

0.55 ± 0.08

0.55 ± 0.05

0.55 ± 0.06

PL

21.36 ± 0.76

20.58 ± 0.86dd

21.47 ± 0.69

22.54 ± 0.54

36 h post PH

Plasma, mmol/l

C

1.62 ± 0.17bbbb

1.68 ± 0.17bbb

1.58 ± 0.23bbbb

1.76 ± 0.22bbbb

HDL-C

1.21 ± 0.19bbbb

1.25 ± 0.13bbbb

1.17 ± 0.16bbbb

1.22 ± 0.18bbbb

LDL-C

0.29 ± 0.04ccc

0.41 ± 0.09bb

0.32 ± 0.13bbb, cccc

0.54 ± 0.02bbbb

UC

0.75 ± 0.08

0.70 ± 0.05

0.73 ± 0.08

0.75 ± 0.09

TG

0.68 ± 0.08bbbb

0.65 ± 0.05bbbb

0.57 ± 0.14bbbb

0.54 ± 0.16bbbb

NEFA

0.16 ± 0.11

0.27 ± 0.15

0.23 ± 0.18

0.14 ± 0.07

PL

1.77 ± 0.19bbbb

1.74 ± 0.16bbbb

1.68 ± 0.23bbbb

1.74 ± 0.24bbbb

Liver, μmol/g

C

9.22 ± 0.82bbbb

9.95 ± 0.90bb, c

8.91 ± 1.01bbb

7.81 ± 1.49

TG

78.78 ± 45.62bb

39.47 ± 20.90

56.04 ± 46.97

7.68 ± 1.65

NEFA

1.22 ± 0.41

0.94 ± 0.22

0.98 ± 0.41

0.66 ± 0.10

PL

19.80 ± 1.10bb

19.47 ± 0.91

20.38 ± 0.91

20.24 ± 0.80bbb

  1. Enzymatic calorimetric lipid profiling of plasma and liver tissue isolated from wild type (wt), Epac1−/−, Epac2−/− and Epac1/2−/− control mice and PH operated mice 36 h post surgery. Data are presented as mean ± SD, n = 3–10 mice/group. Two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s adjustment for multiple comparisons or the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn’s multiple comparison test was used to determine differences between genotypes and treatment groups for each factor. ap < 0.05, aap < 0.01, aaap < 0.001 and aaaap < 0.0001: control wt mice compared to control Epac1−/−, Epac2−/− and Epac1/2−/− mice. bbp < 0.01, bbbp < 0.001 and bbbbp < 0.0001: control mice compared to PH operated mice 36 h post surgery, same genotype. cp < 0.05, cccp < 0.001 and ccccp < 0.0001: PH operated Epac1/2−/− mice 36 h post surgery compared to PH operated wt, Epac1−/− and Epac2−/− mice 36 h post surgery. ddp < 0.01: control Epac1/2−/− mice compared to control wt, Epac1−/− and Epac2−/− mice. F-statistics for lipid profiling in plasma; C; F(3,42) = 5.597, p = 0.0025, HDL-C; F(3,41) = 5.777, p = 0.0022, LDL-C; F(3,40) = 4.116, p = 0.0123, UC; F(3,42) = 0.2445, p = 0.8647, TG; F(3,42) = 3.995, p = 0.0137, NEFA; F(3,40) = 3.423, p = 0.0261 and PL; F(3,41) = 2.368, p = 0.0847. F-statistics for lipid profiling in liver; C; F(3,42) = 1.583, p = 0.2078, TG; approximate p < 0.0001, Kruskal-Wallis statistic; 31.21, NEFA; approximate p = 0.0018, Kruskal-Wallis statistic; 22.85 and PL; F(3,42) = 1.210, p = 0.3177. C: Cholesterol, HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, UC: unesterified cholesterol, TG: Triglycerides, NEFA: Non-esterified fatty acids and PL: phospholipids.
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