Figure 2

ILC1 and ILC2s produce large quantities of their signature cytokines when activated ex vivo, while ILC3s produce non-signature cytokines when activated. Panel A. The levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-5, IL-13, IL-17A, and IL-22 produced following stimulation (open circles) under ILC1 conditions (IL-12/IL-15) (top row), ILC2 conditions (IL-15/IL-33) (middle row), or ILC3 conditions (bottom row) or cultured in absence of stimulation (media – closed circles. Data are from multiple experiments with n = 15 for ILC1, n = 19 for ILC2 and n = 8 for ILC3 groups. Levels of significance are indicated by ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05, or ns, not significant, as ascertained using the Wilcoxon pair-wise comparison. Panel B. Sorted ILC subsets from a subset of donors from A (n = 10, 14, and 4 for ILC1s, ILC2s, and ILC3s respectively) were individually cultured in media alone, ILC activating cytokines, or PMA/ionomycin for 5 days. Production of IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-22, IFN-γ and TNF-α was assessed. (Panel B) Geometric mean cytokine production in pg/ml for unstimulated sorted ILC1 (black bars), ILC2 (white bars), and ILC3 (gray bars). The GM fold change in cytokine production over unstimulated cells for sorted ILC1 (left panel) sorted ILC2 (middle panel) and ILC3 (right panel) after being activated with ILC-subset specific ILC activating cytokines (Panel C) and following PMA/ionomycin stimulation (Panel D).