Figure 1 | Scientific Reports

Figure 1

From: Impact of sanitation and socio-economy on groundwater fecal pollution and human health towards achieving sustainable development goals across India from ground-observations and satellite-derived nightlight

Figure 1

Map of study area across India, showing (a) annual linear trend of groundwater fecal coliform anomaly (FCan, 2002–2017) in each of the administrative blocks or equivalents (BLKs, n = 7010 BLKs) within the study period across the study region (shown in the inset map on top left). Linear slope of FCan for the entire study area is −2.56 ± 0.06%/year for the data period. The map also show locations of the detailed study areas A (located in Highly Improved, FCan decrease >90% within the study period), B (Improved, >70–90%), C (Moderately Improved, >50–70%) and D (Less Improved, <50%); annual linear trends of anomalies of (b) acute diarrheal cases (ADan, 1990–2016, −2.93 ± 0.03%/year for entire study area), (c) household sanitation structures (SANan, 1990–2017, 2.63 ± 0.06%/year) and (d) night-time light (NLan, 1992–2013, 4.26 ± 0.05%/year); (e–h) non-linear, Hordick Prescott (HP) trends of the entire and detailed study areas (A, B, C and D) for FCan, ADan, SANan and NLan.

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