Figure 1

Map of Finland and the burial sites presented in this study. Iron-Age and medieval sites (Levänluhta, Luistari, Hollola, Hiitola and Tuukkala) are marked with dark grey circles. Early-modern and modern sites (Pälkäne, Porvoo, Renko, Turku and Hamina) are marked with light grey circles. Arrows indicate three reference points (Hanko, Uusikaupunki and Lahdenpohja) used in the multinomial logistic regression analysis (see Section 2.7). Small map of northern Europe is modified from Neuvonen et al.28. Blue dashed line represents the border of southwestern (SW) and northeastern (NE) subpopulations of contemporary Finns (Neuvonen et al.28 was used as a reference for this border). Grey dotted line represents the boundary of Finnish folk culture between western and northeastern Finland described in Talve 200074.