Table 2 Brain GM areas with significant volume loss in SF versus NF patients as well as in RF versus NF patients when controlling for age, sex, disease duration, EDSS ± CESD ± medication (FWE + Bonferroni-corrected p < 0.017).

From: History of fatigue in multiple sclerosis is associated with grey matter atrophy

 

Adjusting for age + sex + disease duration + EDSS

Adjusting for age + sex + disease duration + EDSS + CESD

Adjusting for age + sex + disease duration + EDSS + CESD + medication

SF vs NF

RF vs NF

SF vs NF

RF vs NF

SF vs NF

RF vs NF

Frontal pole

bilateral

bilateral

bilateral

bilateral

bilateral

bilateral

Superior frontal gyrus

bilateral

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Middle frontal gyrus

bilateral

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Inferior frontal gyrus

bilateral

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Frontal-orbital cortex

bilateral

bilateral

bilateral

bilateral

bilateral

bilateral

Frontal-medial cortex

bilateral

bilateral

bilateral

bilateral

bilateral

bilateral

Cingulate gyrus

bilateral

N/A

bilateral

N/A

N/A

N/A

Paracingulate gyrus

bilateral

bilateral

bilateral

bilateral

bilateral

bilateral

Precentral gyrus

bilateral

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Postcentral gyrus

bilateral

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Insula

bilateral

N/A

bilateral

right

bilateral

right

Temporal pole

bilateral

N/A

bilateral

N/A

bilateral

N/A

Superior temporal gyrus

bilateral

N/A

bilateral

N/A

bilateral

N/A

Middle temporal gyrus

bilateral

N/A

bilateral

N/A

bilateral

N/A

Inferior temporal gyrus

bilateral

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Transverse temporal gyrus

bilateral

N/A

bilateral

N/A

bilateral

N/A

Planum temporale

bilateral

N/A

bilateral

N/A

bilateral

N/A

Planum polare

bilateral

N/A

bilateral

N/A

bilateral

N/A

Parahippocampal gyrus

bilateral

N/A

bilateral

N/A

left

N/A

Precuneus

bilateral

N/A

bilateral

N/A

bilateral

N/A

Supramarginal gyrus

bilateral

N/A

left

N/A

left

N/A

Angular gyrus

bilateral

N/A

left

N/A

left

N/A

Lateral occipital cortex

bilateral

N/A

left

N/A

left

N/A

Hippocampus

bilateral

N/A

bilateral

N/A

left

N/A

Amygdala

bilateral

N/A

bilateral

N/A

left

N/A

Accumbens

bilateral

N/A

bilateral

N/A

bilateral

N/A

Caudate

bilateral

N/A

bilateral

N/A

N/A

N/A

Putamen

bilateral

N/A

bilateral

N/A

N/A

N/A

Thalamus

bilateral

N/A

bilateral

bilateral

bilateral

bilateral

Cuneus

right

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Occipital pole

left

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Periaqueductal GM

yes

N/A

yes

yes

yes

yes

Cerebellum

left

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Peak FWE + Bonferroni-corrected p value

0.002

0.009

0.008

0.009

0.009

0.01

Total volume of clusters with significantly lower GM volume [mm3]

82,114.

4,112.

24,446.

6,194.

13,056.

4,770.

Number of GM areas with atrophy

33

4

24

7

21

7

Number of bilateral/unilateral/midsagittal GM areas with atrophy

29/3/1

4/0/0

20/3/1

5/1/1

14/6/1

5/1/1

  1. Abbreviations: GM = grey matter, SF = sustained fatigue, RF = reversible fatigue, NF = never fatigued, EDSS = Expanded Disability Status Scale, CESD = Center for Epidemiological Studies - Depression Scale, FWE = family-wise error.
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