Table 1 Total phenolic content (TPC), expressed as gallic acid equivalent/g DW, and protein degree of hydrolysis (DH), expressed as milliequivalent Ser-NH2/g DW, of bioprocessed pulses (mean ± SD, n = 3).
GERMINATION | SOLID STATE FERMENTATION | ||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pulse | Day 0 | Day 3 | Day 5 | S | S + SSF | HT | HT + SSF | G | G + SSF | ||||||||||
TPC | DH | TPC | DH | TPC | DH | TPC | DH | TPC | DH | TPC | DH | TPC | DH | TPC | DH | TPC | DH | ||
Chickpeas | ND | 1.72 ± 0.15 | 20.49 ± 3.011 | 2.41 ± 0.17 | 24.11 ± 3.152 | 2.16 ± 0.19 | 32.01 ± 5.6412 | 1.10 ± 0.47a | 16.52 ± 1.26123 | 2.21 ± 0.06 | 17.04 ± 0.1845 | 1.79 ± 0.45b | 12.08 ± 0.351467 | 1.79 ± 0.09c | 10.57 ± 0.652589 | 1.86 ± 1.04 | 17.13 ± 0.0868 | 3.04 ± 0.10abc | 21.18 ± 1.00379 |
SGID | 5.39 ± 0.23 | 103.75 ± 2.31 | 5.43 ± 0.20 | 111.35 ±10.26 | 4.36 ± 0.52 | 109.60 ± 4.94 | 3.19 ± 0.80 | 97.37 ± 8.59 | 2.44 ± 0.26 | 87.62 ± 7.28 | 2.61 ± 0.25 | 100.92 ± 2.04 | 3.13 ± 0.55 | 102.00 ± 17.33 | 3.18 ± 0.24 | 94.13 ± 5.01 | 3.59 ± 0.29 | 92.36 ± 1.19 | |
Faba Bean | ND | 2.40 ± 0.24 a | 23.93 ± 1.381 | 3.22 ± 0.20 a | 27.49 ± 2.352 | 4.33 ± 0.43 a | 47.44 ± 17.7112 | 2.78 ± 0.96a | 17.42 ± 4.61123 | 3.40 ± 0.91 | 17.98 ± 1.67456 | 3.75 ± 0.34bc | 12.66 ± 1.301478 | 2.59 ± 0.24bd | 11.07 ± 0.77259* | 4.05 ± 0.69a | 19.14 ± 1.8279 | 3.87 ± 0.58cd | 22.41 ± 1.75368* |
SGID | 5.71 ± 0.62 | 137.84 ± 5.11 | 7.12 ± 0.41 | 134.42 ± 1.65 | 7.26 ± 1.84 | 138.23 ± 4.48 | 4.80 ± 0.44 | 119.98 ± 6.80 | 4.33 ± 0.38 | 113.74 ±10.381 | 5.51 ± 1.99 | 113.68 ± 6.80 | 5.58 ± 2.08 | 104.00 ± 2.932 | 6.63 ± 0.45 | 113.10 ± 0.24 | 5.17 ± 1.94 | 143.84 ± 27.6312 | |
Kidney Beans | ND | 3.24 ± 0.42 a | 18.94 ± 1.0812 | 2.65 ± 0.92 | 24.73 ± 1.141 | 2.52 ± 0.13 a | 27.87 ± 1.722 | 2.14 ± 0.81abc | 17.78 ± 3.9112 | 3.74 ± 0.15ade | 16.24 ± 2.1534 | 2.40 ± 0.25df | 10.34 ± 0.891356 | 2.15 ± 0.48egh | 9.53 ± 0.442478 | 3.35 ± 0.30bg | 17.16 ± 0.1357 | 4.12 ± 0.35cfh | 19.10 ± 2.5568 |
SGID | 3.27 ± 0.51 | 79.11 ± 9.09 | 3.07 ± 1.00 | 73.27 ± 5.35 | 3.61 ± 0.52 | 71.06 ± 7.33 | 3.27 ± 0.44 | 79.41 ± 14.97 | 3.54 ± 0.65 | 98.11 ± 4.571 | 3.14 ± 0.38 | 95.17 ±17.552 | 2.93 ± 0.09 | 85.17 ± 3.163 | 2.76 ± 0.54 | 83.31 ±13.504 | 2.87 ± 0.39 | 51.12±33.591234 | |
Green Lentils | ND | 2.41 ± 0.08 | 23.80 ± 1.551 | 2.62 ± 0.10 | 25.91 ± 0.942 | 2.77 ± 0.20 | 43.11 ± 2.2112 | 2.11 ± 0.40abc | 23.57 ± 3.9912 | 2.51 ± 0.39de | 22.33 ± 0.7034 | 3.99 ± 0.47adf | 16.89 ± 0.811356 | 2.90 ± 0.19g | 16.29 ± 1.282478 | 3.45 ± 0.42bc | 24.48 ± 2.0957 | 6.06 ± 0.88cefg | 23.03 ± 0.6368 |
SGID | 5.46 ± 0.25 | 117.41 ± 11.99 | 5.71 ± 0.37 | 116.02 ± 6.23 | 4.61 ± 0.82 | 120.42 ± 5.70 | 4.85 ± 0.43 | 118.21 ± 19.82 | 4.02 ± 0.78 | 121.96 ± 5.48 | 4.07 ± 1.26 | 126.91 ± 10.47 | 3.39 ± 1.28 | 122.01 ± 6.01 | 4.12 ± 0.75 | 114.99 ± 23.92 | 3.75 ± 0.18 | 111.31 ± 5.66 | |
Yellow Peas | ND | 1.41 ± 0.06 a | 17.33 ± 0.791 | 1.94 ± 0.27 | 36.15 ± 1.051 | 2.31 ± 0.11 a | 42.20 ± 1.181 | 1.98 ± 0.13 | 16.78 ± 1.61123 | 2.56 ± 0.23a | 17.81 ± 0.76456 | 1.60 ± 0.26 | 9.91 ± 0.75147 | 1.23 ± 0.32ab | 9.05 ± 0.25256 | 1.91 ± 0.22 | 14.00 ± 0.708 | 2.68 ± 1.00b | 24.65 ± 0.783678 |
SGID | 4.78 ± 0.44 | 98.23 ± 6.721 | 5.38 ± 0.43 | 102.27 ± 3.232 | 5.11 ± 0.52 | 125.54 ± 8.7712 | 3.39 ± 0.76 | 90.50 ±16.04 | 3.10 ± 0.47 | 117.24 ±10.49 | 2.99 ± 0.52 | 95.35 ± 5.28 | 3.45 ± 1.33 | 87.90 ± 5.10 | 3.35 ± 0.16 | 90.82 ± 4.79 | 4.49 ± 0.57 | 115.56 ± 7.02 |