Figure 1

UPEC isolates induce IL-1β from BMDM at different levels. BMDMs were co-cultured with UPEC isolates for 12 h. Levels of (a) IL-1β and (b) TNF-α in culture supernatants were measured. Amounts of cytokines induced by UPEC isolates were normalized against cytokines produced by P. mirabilis stimulation. Values represent mean ± SD from six samples from two separate experiments.