Figure 4

Changes in urine metabolite levels in urine caused by influenza vaccine injection. The metabolites were assigned and quantified according to the Chenomx NMR Suite 8.4 database as described in the Materials and Methods section. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001 (n = 5 in the sterilized physical saline [SA] group; n = 4 [0.9375 μg HA], 3 [3.75 μg HA], or 3 [15 μg HA] in the hemagglutinin split vaccine [HAV] group; n = 3 [0.0625 U], 4 [0.25 U], or 5 [1.0 U] in the toxicity reference vaccine [RE] group).