Table 2 Urine metabolite levels in urine from mice treated with sterilized physical saline (SA), hemagglutinin split vaccine (HAV), toxicity reference vaccine (RE).

From: Changes of urine metabolite profiles are induced by inactivated influenza vaccine inoculations in mice

Concentration (μM) in urine
Metabolite	SA	HAV 0.9375 μg	HAV 3.75 μg	HAV 15 μg	RE 0.0625 μg	RE 0.25 μg	RE 1.0 U
1-Methylnicotinamide	244 ± 28	252 ± 131	217 ± 79	117 ± 55**	185 ± 2*	253 ± 69	450 ± 126**
2-Oxoglutarate	1039 ± 365	1089 ± 441	1779 ± 824	996 ± 339	1443 ± 349	1156 ± 451	1378 ± 747
2-Oxoisocaproate	868 ± 159	901 ± 378	730 ± 164	485 ± 186*	684 ± 247	682 ± 149	856 ± 410
3-Indoxylsulfate	1654 ± 285	1449 ± 496	1218 ± 408	945 ± 243*	807 ± 369*	1264 ± 333	1702 ± 632
3-Methyl-2-oxovalerate	301 ± 82	339 ± 111	349 ± 100	214 ± 86	245 ± 92	313 ± 71	439 ± 207
4-Hydroxyphenylacetate	190 ± 47	195 ± 56	211 ± 113	92 ± 25*	156 ± 37	195 ± 37	331 ± 196
Acetamide	192 ± 15	263 ± 113	235 ± 97	146 ± 37*	173 ± 37	195 ± 51	343 ± 127*
Acetate	234 ± 91	288 ± 106	219 ± 134	181 ± 85	252 ± 109	242 ± 102	171 ± 74
Allantoin	9762 ± 1417	9478 ± 1903	8207 ± 2460	5173 ± 2036**	8202 ± 2079	8826 ± 2767	12951 ± 3787
Citrate	2714 ± 865	2971 ± 1262	4703 ± 2658	2445 ± 531	4608 ± 1204*	2722 ± 813	2606 ± 979
Creatine	2903 ± 637	1196 ± 535**	468 ± 339**	741 ± 444**	1703 ± 833	1398 ± 847*	2004 ± 669
Creatinine	1810 ± 209	1808 ± 838	1557 ± 840	1108 ± 302**	1423 ± 280	1573 ± 477	2151 ± 712
Dimethyl sulfone	290 ± 58	342 ± 130	299 ± 134	231 ± 84	229 ± 32	285 ± 74	313 ± 67
Dimethylamine	1478 ± 184	1180 ± 326	944 ± 516	791 ± 284**	1145 ± 125*	1089 ± 269*	1298 ± 382
Ethanol	270 ± 90	388 ± 61	485 ± 197	256 ± 121	220 ± 139	265 ± 209	996 ± 1347
Formate	154 ± 47	120 ± 28	92 ± 59	102 ± 33	177 ± 4	163 ± 95	139 ± 86
Guanidinoacetate	1180 ± 213	1128 ± 336	1011 ± 490	722 ± 206*	814 ± 276	898 ± 260	1337 ± 374
Hippurate	4507 ± 725	5026 ± 1946	5441 ± 2880	2982 ± 1084	2841 ± 321*	3635 ± 977	4658 ± 1133
Lactate	147 ± 18	169 ± 28	162 ± 48	88 ± 34*	126 ± 17	115 ± 28	123 ± 39
Methanol	143 ± 36	109 ± 24	100 ± 32	80 ± 31*	103 ± 7	101 ± 33	109 ± 44
Methylamine	378 ± 60	393 ± 160	365 ± 180	262 ± 81	244 ± 24*	313 ± 52	407 ± 87
N,N-Dimethylglycine	230 ± 32	150 ± 16**	71 ± 23***	138 ± 68*	150 ± 6**	144 ± 42**	108 ± 44**
N-Carbamoyl-β-alanine	2926 ± 434	2217 ± 127*	1675 ± 183**	1150 ± 516**	2688 ± 327	2770 ± 625	3253 ± 1150
N-Phenylacetylglycine	1046 ± 157	1095 ± 278	874 ± 160	474 ± 200**	552 ± 33**	779 ± 263	992 ± 309
Pyruvate	44 ± 7	49 ± 16	47 ± 11	38 ± 10	77 ± 13**	90 ± 17**	120 ± 44**
Succinate	193 ± 68	182 ± 53	226 ± 140	128 ± 53	218 ± 118	155 ± 66	258 ± 140
Taurine	14741 ± 1408	14314 ± 5113	11035 ± 4178	8415 ± 2559**	11660 ± 8045	9206 ± 3296**	11272 ± 7297
Trimethylamine	220 ± 191	201 ± 126	228 ± 199	137 ± 46	184 ± 44	324 ± 79	422 ± 148
Trimethylamine N-oxide	1815 ± 680	2139 ± 1205	1460 ± 780	1024 ± 414	1569 ± 297	1962 ± 467	3234 ± 775*
Urea	61965 ± 9321	52829 ± 9058	52021 ± 17790	45017 ± 14507	50041 ± 5589	54823 ± 9321	64359 ± 11147
Valine	37 ± 4	29 ± 7	26 ± 4*	29 ± 7	27 ± 3*	29 ± 6	42 ± 12
cis-Aconitate	632 ± 145	482 ± 213	949 ± 573	618 ± 243	666 ± 232	687 ± 197	1055 ± 328

The unit of the dose for hemagglutinin (HA) in the hemagglutinin split vaccine (HAV) was μg and that for the toxicity reference vaccine (RE) was U.μ.
Data are indicated as the mean ± SD. (n = 5 in the sterilized physical saline [SA] group; n = 4 [0.9375 μg HA], 3 [3.75 μg HA], or 3 [15 μg HA] in the HAV group; n = 3 [0.0625 U], 4 [0.25 U], or 5 [1.0 U] in the RE group). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001 compared with the sterilized physical saline (SA) group.

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Table 2 Urine metabolite levels in urine from mice treated with sterilized physical saline (SA), hemagglutinin split vaccine (HAV), toxicity reference vaccine (RE).

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