Table 2 Association of serum antioxidants with eGFR in all study participants.

From: Serum xanthophyll carotenoids are associated with estimated glomerular filtration rate in an aged cohort

Antioxidant

Unadjusted analysis

Adjusted analysis†

β*

95% confidence intervals

P

β*

95% confidence intervals

P

Retinol (μmmol/L)

−1.363

−2.595, −0.131

0.03

−1.436

−2.598, −0.274

0.02

γ-Tocopherol (μmmol/L)

−0.069

−0.437, −0.299

0.71

−0.035

−0.398, 0.329

0.85

α-Tocopherol (μmmol/L)

0.013

−0.078, 0.103

0.79

0.048

−0.041, 0.136

0.29

Lutein (mmol/L)

0.050

0.023, 0.077

<0.01

0.041

0.015, 0.068

<0.01

Zeaxanthin (mmol/L)

0.123

0.012, 0.235

0.03

0.097

−0.014, 0.207

0.09

β−Cryptoxanthin (mmol/L)

0.030

−0.029, 0.089

0.32

0.048

−0.012, 0.107

0.12

α-Carotene (mmol/L)

0.019

−0.026, 0.065

0.41

0.028

−0.020, 0.075

0.25

β-Carotene (mmol/L)

0.005

−0.003, 0.014

0.21

0.008

0.000, 0.017

0.05

Lycopene (μmmol/L)

0.048

−1.622, 1.718

0.96

0.145

−1.637, 1.927

0.87

  1. *Average increase in each serum antioxidant level per unit increase in eGFR.
  2. †Multiple regression analysis adjusted for age (years), gender, smoking (pack-years), the number of APOE4 alleles and Alzheimer’s disease status.
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