Table 1 Characteristics of study population according to hyperuricemia.

From: Association between anemia and hyperuricemia: results from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

 

Total (n = 10794)

Non-CKD (n = 10455)

CKD (n = 341)

Non-hyperuricemic

Hyperuricemic

p

Non-hypeuricemic

Hyperuricemic

p

Non-hyperuricemic

Hyperuricemic

p

(n = 9494)

(n = 1302)

(n = 9312)

(n = 1143)

(n = 182)

(n = 159)

Age, years

47.0 ± 0.3

44.4 ± 0.6

<0.0001

46.7 ± 0.3

42.2 ± 0.5

<0.0001

68.7 ± 0.9

69.5 ± 1.2

0.5632

Sex, male

46.0 (0.5)

76.7 (1.3)

<0.0001

46.0 (0.5)

79.6 (1.3)

<0.0001

49.6 (4.3)

42.4 (4.4)

0.2407

Urban residence

85.0 (1.7)

86.0 (1.9)

0.5200

85.1 (1.7)

86.6 (1.9)

0.3123

78.6 (4.2)

78.4 (4.0)

0.9723

Occupation

64.4 (0.7)

67.5 (1.7)

0.0759

64.8 (0.7)

71.0 (1.8)

0.0008

33.1 (4.3)

26.4 (3.7)

0.2197

Income (lowest quartile)

15.2 (0.7)

15.1 (1.3)

0.9953

14.8 (0.7)

11.9 (1.3)

0.0298

40.4 (4.1)

52.8 (4.6)

0.0445

Low education levela

23.5 (0.8)

19.5 (1.3)

0.0007

23.1 (0.8)

15.8 (1.2)

<0.0001

56.3 (4.1)

62.0 (4.4)

0.3324

Energy intake, kcal/day

1963 ± 14

2138 ± 43

<0.0001

1968 ± 14

2194 ± 46

<0.0001

1611 ± 60

1531 ± 66

0.3431

Alcohol consumption

  

<0.0001

  

<0.0001

  

0.6519

   None

23.1 (0.6)

15.8 (1.1)

 

22.6 (0.6)

12.5 (1.1)

 

59.4 (4.4)

55.2 (4.5)

 

   <30 g/day

68.8 (0.6)

67.8 (1.5)

 

69.2 (0.6)

70.0 (1.6)

 

36.4 (4.3)

41.8 (4.5)

 

   ≥30 g/day

8.2 (0.3)

16.4 (1.3)

 

8.2 (0.3)

17.5 (1.4)

 

4.2 (2.0)

3.0 (1.5)

 

Smoking

  

<0.0001

  

<0.0001

  

0.0609

   Never

61.8 (0.6)

43.6 (1.6)

 

61.9 (0.6)

42.2 (1.6)

 

56.7 (4.1)

61.2 (4.7)

 

   Former

18.3 (0.4)

24.4 (1.4)

 

18.1 (0.5)

24.6 (1.5)

 

32.7 (4.0)

21.5 (3.5)

 

   Current

20.0 (0.6)

32.0 (1.5)

 

20.1 (0.6)

33.3 (1.6)

 

10.6 (2.4)

17.3 (3.5)

 

Physical activityb

47.0 (0.7)

51.8 (1.7)

0.0056

47.2 (0.8)

53.6 (1.8)

0.0005

35.4 (4.2)

31.0 (4.5)

0.4795

BMI, kg/m2

23.7 ± 0.1

25.9 ± 0.1

<0.0001

23.6 ± 0.1

26.0 ± 0.1

<0.0001

24.4 ± 0.3

24.8 ± 0.4

0.3550

WC, cm

81.3 ± 0.2

88.3 ± 0.3

<0.0001

81.2 ± 0.2

88.4 ± 0.4

<0.0001

86.4 ± 0.9

87.4 ± 1.0

0.4672

Systolic BP, mmHg

116.9 ± 0.2

121.8 ± 0.5

<0.0001

116.7 ± 0.2

121.2 ± 0.5

<0.0001

128.6 ± 1.5

128.3 ± 1.5

0.8769

Diastolic BP, mmHg

75.4 ± 0.2

79.4 ± 0.4

<0.0001

75.5 ± 0.2

80.1 ± 0.4

<0.0001

73.4 ± 0.9

71.7 ± 1.1

0.2202

Fasting glucose, mg/dL

99.4 ± 0.3

100.5 ± 0.6

0.0784

99.2 ± 0.3

99.4 ± 0.6

0.6738

113.6 ± 3.2

112.9 ± 3.0

0.8671

Total C, mg/dL

192.3 ± 0.5

201.3 ± 1.4

<0.0001

192.5 ± 0.5

203.1 ± 1.4

<0.0001

177.7 ± 3.2

180.7 ± 4.0

0.5368

TGc, mg/dL

106.9 (105.3–108.5)

155.7 (148.5–163.2)

<0.0001

106.7 (105.0–108.3)

157.6 (149.8–165.8)

<0.0001

128.9 (120.1–138.2)

135.3 (125.1–146.4)

0.3596

eGFRd, mL/min/1.73 m2

97.7 ± 0.3

88.4 ± 0.6

<0.0001

98.4 ± 0.3

91.9 ± 0.5

<0.0001

48.8 ± 1.3

47.5 ± 1.0

0.4393

Hemoglobin, g/dL

14.11 ± 0.02

14.94 ± 0.05

<0.0001

14.13 ± 0.02

15.12 ± 0.05

<0.0001

13.12 ± 0.14

12.80 ± 0.16

0.1342

Uric acid, mg/dL

4.77 ± 0.01

7.54 ± 0.03

<0.0001

4.77 ± 0.01

7.52 ± 0.03

<0.0001

5.11 ± 0.10

7.66 ± 0.10

<0.0001

hs-CRPc, mg/L

0.67 (0.66–0.69)

0.95 (0.90–1.01)

<0.0001

0.67 (0.65–0.69)

0.94 (0.88–1.00)

<0.0001

0.93 (0.80–1.09)

1.06 (0.89–1.27)

0.2774

Obesitye

31.6 (0.7)

56.3 (1.6)

<0.0001

31.5 (0.7)

57.1 (1.7)

<0.0001

40.6 (3.9)

47.3 (4.3)

0.2457

Abdominal obesityf

25.5 (0.7)

46.9 (1.6)

<0.0001

25.2 (0.7)

46.4 (1.7)

<0.0001

48.8 (4.3)

52.7 (4.3)

0.4964

Hypertensiong

25.2 (0.6)

38.3 (1.7)

<0.0001

24.6 (0.6)

34.7 (1.7)

<0.0001

69.6 (4.0)

80.2 (3.8)

0.0708

Diabetes melitush

10.3 (0.4)

10.6 (1.0)

0.8186

9.9 (0.4)

7.8 (0.9)

0.0371

44.8 (4.1)

43.6 (4.5)

0.8458

Hyperlipidemiai

19.5 (0.5)

23.5 (1.4)

0.0034

19.3 (0.5)

22.7 (1.5)

0.0162

37.8 (4.0)

33.7 (4.8)

0.5263

Chronic kidney diseasej

1.3 (0.1)

7.9 (0.7)

<0.0001

      

Anemiak

8.0 (0.3)

5.6 (0.6)

0.0014

7.7 (0.3)

2.4 (0.4)

<0.0001

28.6 (3.9)

43.2 (4.3)

0.0164

  1. Data are presented as weighted mean ± standard error (SE) or weighted percentage (SE). aLow education level means middle school graduate or less. bPhysical activity is defined in accordance with the WHO recommendations, which refers to more than 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity throughout the week, or more than 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity throughout the week, or an equivalent combination of moderate- and vigorous-intensity activity. cTG and hs-CRP values are presented as geometric mean (95% confidence interval). dAn eGFR calculated from serum creatinine using an isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) traceable Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) Study equation. eObesity is defined as BMI 25 kg/m2 or higher according to the proposed classification of weight by BMI in adult Asians. fAbdominal obesity is defined as a WC in men of 90 cm or more and in women of 85 cm or more in Korea. gHypertension is defined as a systolic BP > 140 mmHg, or a diastolic BP > 90 mmHg, or taking antihypertensive medication. hDiabetes mellitus is defined as a fasting blood glucose level > 126 mg/dL, or previous history of diagnosis by doctor, or taking hypoglycemic agent or insulin. IHyperlipidemia is defined as a fasting total C ≥ 240 mg/dL or taking lipid lowering agent. jChronic kidney disease is defined as an eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2. kAnemia is defined as hemoglobin <12 g/dL for women and <13 g/dL for men. BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; BP, blood pressure; C, cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein.
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