Table 2 Clinical findings of the patients.

From: The relationship between the gut microbiome and mild cognitive impairment in patients without dementia: a cross-sectional study conducted in Japan

 

Total

 

MCI

NC

P

(n = 82)

(n = 61)

(n = 21)

Comprehensive geriatric assessment

Barthel index

100, 100–100

100, 100–100

100, 100–100

0.159

IADL impairment, n (%)*

29 (35.4)

27 (44.3)

2 (9.5)

0.004

DBDS*

7.5, 3.8–14

10, 4–14.5

2, 0–9

<0.001

GDS*

2.5, 1–5

2, 1–4

4, 2–6

0.032

Vitality index

10, 9–10

10, 9–10

10, 9.5–10

0.118

ZBI*

8.5, 3–18.3

11, 3–20.5

6, 1–9.5

0.043

MNA-SF

13, 11–13

13, 11–13

12, 11–13

0.679

Cognitive function

MMSE*

26.5, 23–29

25, 23–28

29, 27.5–30

<0.001

CDR-SB*

1.0, 0.5–2.5

2, 1–3

0, 0–0.5

<0.001

ADAS-cog*

7.6, 5.3–11.7

8, 5.4–13.3

5.7, 3.25–8

0.003

RCPM*

29, 24–32.5

28, 24–31.5

32, 30–33.75

0.003

FAB*

12, 10–14

11, 9–13

14, 12.5–15.5

<0.001

LM-WMSR I*

10, 5.3–17.5

8, 4–15

16, 8.5–24.5

0.001

LM-WMSR II*

3.5, 0–10

3, 0–8

10, 3–17.5

0.001

Brain MRI findings

SLI, n (%)

3 (3.7)

3 (4.9)

0

0.566

WMH, n (%)*

22 (26.8)

21 (34.4)

1 (4.8)

0.009

CMBs, n (%)

14 (17.1)

12 (19.7)

2 (9.5)

0.502

CSS, n (%)

4 (4.9)

4 (6.6)

0

0.568

VSRAD*

0.85, 0.56–1.42

0.96, 0.65–1.6

0.52, 0.42–0.88

0.010

Blood flow reduction in SPECT images

Posterior cingulate gyrus and/or precuneus, n (%)

53 (67.9)

42 (72.4)

11 (55.0)

0.173

Arterial stiffness

Pulse wave velocity, m/s

17.7, 15.8–21.9

18.2, 16.0–22.3

16.6, 14.8–21.6

0.385

Ankle brachial index

1.10, 1.07–1.15

1.10, 1.04–1.15

1.13, 1.07–1.17

0.406

Laboratory findings

CRP, mg/dL

0.05, 0.02–0.12

0.05, 0.02–0.13

0.03, 0.02–0.10

0.551

eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2*

70.5, 57.5–78.4

63.1, 55.7–74.4

73.5, 68.1–90.1

0.019

Medication

Anti-dementia drug, n (%)

6 (7.3)

6 (9.8)

0

0.330

Anti-hyperglycaemic drug, n (%)

6 (7.4)

4 (6.7)

2 (9.5)

0.647

Anti-hypertensive drug, n (%)*

43 (53.8)

36 (61.0)

7 (33.3)

0.041

Statin, n (%)

28 (35.0)

20 (33.9)

8 (38.1)

0.793

Anti-thrombotic drug, n (%)

15 (18.8)

13 (22.0)

2 (9.5)

0.331

PPI/H2 blocker, n (%)

19 (23.5)

16 (26.7)

3 (14.3)

0.372

Aperient, n (%)

9 (11.1)

7 (11.7)

2 (9.5)

1.000

  1. Wilcoxon signed-rank and χ2 tests were used.
  2. Asterisks indicate statistical significance.
  3. Abbreviations: MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; CDR-GB, Clinical Dementia Rating Global Score; CDR-SB, Clinical Dementia Rating-Sum of Boxes; ADAS-cog, Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale; RCPM, Raven’s Coloured Progressive Matrices; FAB, Frontal Assessment Battery; LM-WMSR, Logical Memory subtests I and II of the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised; IADL, instrumental activities of daily living; DBDS, Dementia Behaviour Disturbance Scale; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; ZBI, Zarit Caregiver Burden Interview; MNA-SF, Mini-Nutritional Assessment-Short Form; SLI, silent lacunar infarct; WMH, white matter hyperintensity; CMB, cerebral microbleeds; CSS, cortical superficial siderosis; VSRAD, voxel-based specific regional analysis system for Alzheimer’s disease; SPECT, single photon emission computed tomography; CRP, C-reactive protein; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; PPI, proton pump inhibitor. Anti-dementia drugs: donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine, and memantine. Anti-hypertensive drugs: calcium channel blockers, angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors, and angiotensin II receptor blockers.
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