Figure 3 | Scientific Reports

Figure 3

From: Crop production kept stable and sustainable with the decrease of nitrogen rate in North China Plain: An economic and environmental assessment over 8 years

Figure 3

Soil bulk density (A), weight percentage of water-stable aggregates and fractal dimension at 0–30 cm depth (B and D), and at 30–60 cm depth (C and E) with different nitrogen rates. Nitrogen rates in wheat and maize, respectively, are; 0 and 0 kg N ha−1 (N0), 168 and 129 N ha−1 (N1), 240 and 185 kg N ha−1 (N2), and 300 and 300 kg N ha−1 (N3) in 2009–2016. Nitrogen rates under RN2 treatment in wheat and maize are 240 and 185 kg N ha−1 in 2012–2016. Bars with different capital or small letters are significantly different at the p ≤ 0.05 level. Error bars denote the standard deviation. Results in Fig. 2C,D are the average over 8 years.

Back to article page