Table 5 Associations between breakfast consumption, meal frequency and glycaemic control.

From: Meal timing, meal frequency, and breakfast skipping in adult individuals with type 1 diabetes – associations with glycaemic control

 

Adjusted means

B

95% CI

p

Breakfast

No BF

HbA1c < 59 mmol/mol (<7.5%)

  

0.510

0.262–0.994

0.048

HbA1c

64.1 ± 0.5

66 ± 1.7

1.447

−2.090–4.983

0.423

Mean of the BG measurements

8.2 ± 0.1

8.8 ± 0.2

0.609

0.105–1.112

0.018

CV of the BG measurements

0.41 ± 0.01

0.43 ± 0.02

0.019

−0.015–0.053

0.280

 

≥8 meals

≤5 meals

   

HbA1c < 59 mmol/mol (<7.5%)

  

0.741

0.472–1.164

0.194

HbA1c

62 ± 1.0

66 ± 0.9

3.944

1.254–6.633

0.004

Mean of the BG measurements

8.0 ± 0.1

8.6 ± 0.1

0.588

0.209–0.967

0.002

CV of the BG measurements

0.42 ± 0.01

0.40 ± 0.01

−0.022

−0.049–0.005

0.113

  1. Models are adjusted for sex, diabetes duration, smoking, energy intake, physical activity, and mode of insulin administration. Logistic regression analysis for the dichotomised variable (HbA1c < 59 mmol/mol), and generalised linear regression analysis for the continuous variables. BF, breakfast; BG, blood glucose; CV, coefficient of variation. In the logistic regression analyses, breakfast = 0, no breakfast = 1; ≥ 8 meals = 0, ≤ 5 meals = 1.
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