Table 1 Echocardiographic findings in active vs hibernating Scandinavian Brown Bear.

Left ventricular mass index (g/m²)

171 (24)

151 (28)

0.07

Septum thickness index (cm/m²)

0.91 (0.16)

0.83 (0.12)

0.19

Diastolic internal diameter (cm/m²)

4.1 (0.4)

4.5 (0.7)

0.14

Posterior wall thickness (cm/m²)

0.81 (0.13)

0.77 (0.11)

0.40

Left ventricular end diastolic volume (ml/m²)

105 (18)

94 (4)

0.12

Left ventricular end systolic volume (ml/m²)

58 (12)

62 (12)

0.43

Left ventricular ejection fraction (%)

44.2 (6.0)

34.0 (8.1)

0.001

Global longitudinal strain (%)

−11.2 (2.0)

−8.8 (3.3)

0.032

Global longitudinal strain rate (s⁻¹)

−0.82 (0.15)

−0.41 (0.18)

<0.001

Septal s’ (cm/s)

7.5 (1.1)

4.6 (1.9)

<0.001

Lateral s’ (cm/s)

9.3 (2.6)

5.1(2.4)

<0.001

Isovolumetric relaxation time (ms)

102 (18)

199 (68)

<0.001

Mitral valve inflow deceleration time (ms)

96 (31)

123 (76)

0.23

A velocity (m/s)

0.48 (0.17)

0.33 (0.08)

0.009

E velocity (m/s)

0.69 (0.20)

0.45 (0.16)

0.003

E/A ratio

1.6 (0.6)

1.4 (0.6)

0.58

Lateral e’ (cm/s)

12.4 (4.6)

6.0 (4.6)

0.002

septal e’ (cm/s)

9.8 (1.8)

5.2 (2.7)

<0.001

e’/a’ lateral

2.0 (0.9)

1.2 (0.9)

0.053

e’/a’ septal

1.3 (0.4)

0.9 (0.6)

0.046

E/e'

6.0 (1.6)

10.8 (7.2)

0.028

Left atrial end systolic volume index (ml/m²)

25 (10)

23 (5)

0.41

Left atrial end diastolic volume index (ml/m²)

41 (11)

37 (7)

0.34

Left atrial emptying fraction (%)

38 (18)

38 (14)

0.90

Septal a’ (cm/s)

7.7 (1.3)

7.3 (2.6)

0.61

Lateral a’ (cm/s)

6.7 (1.8)

4.9 (1.5)

0.010

TAPSE (cm)

1.9 (0.3)

1.4 (0.4)

0.002

*Systolic area (cm²)

8.3 (2.3)

8.5 (1.8)

0.81

*Diastolic area (cm²)

12.5 (3.1)

10.7 (2.3)

0.13

*Fractional area change (%)

34.3 (7.3)

20.5 (9.1)

<0.001