Figure 1

An example case from10–11 July 2015. (a) Time-height plot of reflectivity [in dBZ] measured by the Ka-band radar. (b) Vertical motion, wr [in m s−1], recorded by the radar. Panel (c) shows the atmospheric vertical motion, wa [in m s−1], recorded by the collocated Doppler lidar. Panel (d) shows the horizontal wind speed [in m s−1] and (e) shows the wind direction [in degrees] derived from the Doppler lidar data. The solid grey lines indicate the time of sunset and sunrise and the dashed lines represent the onset and cessation of civil twilight.