Table 2 Lung function testing (whole cohort).

	unit	asthma (n = 91)		non-asthmatic controls (n = 47)		p-value
	unit	value	range	value	range	p-value
*spirometry*
FEV₁/VC	%pred	84 ± 14	42–112	99 ± 7	84–115	<<0.001*
FEV₁/FVC	%	72 ± 10	44–92	83 ± 6	71–99	<<0.001*
FEV₁	%pred	80 ± 20	22–132	101 ± 13	65–135	<<0.001*
VC	%pred	95 ± 18	42–132	102 ± 13	64–124	0.01*
MEF₇₅	%pred	61 ± 27	11–122	96 ± 25	48–162	<<0.001*
MEF₅₀	%pred	48 ± 26	10–127	88 ± 27	35–170	<<0.001*
MEF₂₅	%pred	36 ± 23	9–107	67 ± 28	13–141	<<0.001*
*body plethysmography*
TLC	%pred	109 ± 18	65–153	108 ± 11	87–128	0.60
RV	%pred	143 ± 51	48–451	125 ± 27	79–201	<0.01*
RV/TLC	%	45 ± 11	22–80	37 ± 8	21–57	<<0.001*
FRC_pleth	L	3.4 ± 0.9	1.1–6.0	3.1 ± 0.5	2.3–4.2	0.05
TLCO/VA	%pred	88 ± 15	62–122	96 ± 10	80–116	<0.001*
TLCO	%pred	79 ± 16	41–125	87 ± 10	66–108	<0.001*
ΔTLCO	%pt	12 ± 9	0–44	11 ± 8	0–33	0.50
*impulse oscillometry*
D5–20	%	40 ± 41	0–265	14 ± 11	0–47	<0.001*
Ax	—	1.5 ± 1.8	0.0–10.8	0.3 ± 0.2	0.0–1.1	<0.001*
F_res	Hz	19 ± 8	6–44	11 ± 4	3–22	<0.001*
*multiple breath wash-out*
LCI_2.5	—	8.6 ± 1.8	5.5–13.6	7.0 ± 0.9	5.7–8.9	<0.001*
LCI₅	—	6.6 ± 1.3	4.5–10.4	5.6 ± 0.6	4.5–7.0	<0.001*
FRC_MBW	L	2.7 ± 0.9	1.0–6.1	3.1 ± 0.8	1.8–4.6	0.01*
S_acin	L⁻¹	0.17 ± 0.15	−0.2-0.65	0.07 ± 0.09	−0.35-0.21	<0.001*
S_cond	L⁻¹	0.06 ± 0.04	−0.03-0.18	0.04 ± 0.04	−0.07-0.13	<0.01*

FEV₁: forced expiratory volume in one second, (F)VC: (forced) vital capacity, MEF: maximum expiratory flow at 75, 50 and 25% of FVC, TLC: total lung capacity, RV: residual volume, TLCO(/VA): transfer factor (corrected for ventilated alveolar volume), FRC: functional residual capacity, D5–20: frequency dependence of resistance, AX: area under reactance curve, Fres: resonance frequency, LCI: lung clearance index at 2.5% and 5% stopping points, S_acin: acinar ventilation heterogeneity, S_cond: conductive ventilation heterogeneity. %pred: percent of predicted, %pt: percentage points, *statistically significant p < 0.05.

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