Table 5 Relationship between frequent abdominal pain in adolescents, and unhappiness in children and adolescents, and gastrointestinal symptoms, depression and anxiety in 17-year-old adolescents in the Raine Study.

Age (years)	Characteristic	Abdominal pain ≥1 day per week at age 17 years
		Univariate analysis			Multivariable logistic regression analysis
		OR	95% CI	P value	OR	95% CI	P value
2	Sex (female)	1.65	1.05–2.58	0.03	1.77	0.65–4.80	0.27
5	Unhappy child	1.29	0.46–3.61	0.62
8	Unhappy child	1.51	0.79–2.87	0.21
	Abdominal pain several times per week	5.48	1.68–17.86	0.005	1.52	0.15–15.51	0.73
	Unhappy child	1.75	1.02–3.00	0.04	6.09	1.08–34.04	0.04
10	Abdominal pain ≥12 times per year	5.17	2.75–9.73	<0.001	4.85	1.56–15.06	0.006
10	Unhappy child	1.57	0.90–2.74	0.12
14	Unhappy adolescent	1.61	0.97–2.68	0.07
17	Abdominal bloating ≥1 day per week	6.54	4.18–10.24	<0.001	4.11	1.99–8.50	<0.001
	Frequent nausea	8.35	4.06–17.20	<0.001	2.24	0.63–7.98	0.21
	Frequent vomiting	10.94	2.87–41.65	<0.001	7.89	0.88–7.94	0.07
	Anxiety	3.78	2.22–6.44	<0.001	1.64	0.58–4.65	0.35
	Depression	3.34	1.75–6.40	<0.001	0.97	0.27–3.49	0.67
	Diarrhoea	1.96	0.44–8.75	0.38
	Constipation	1.61	0.99–2.64	0.06
	Unhappy adolescent	3.67	2.25–6.00	<0.001	1.98	0.94–4.18	0.07
	Bullied at school	2	1.11–3.60	0.02	1.42	0.65–3.09	0.38

Depression and anxiety were medically-diagnosed. Abdominal pain characteristics and unhappiness were reported by the parent for children, while gastrointestinal symptoms, unhappiness and a history of being bullied were selfreported by the 14 or 17-year old adolescent. Data are presented as odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). P values are for associations between frequent abdominal pain at age 17 years and preceding abdominal pain, unhappiness or prevalent gastrointestinal symptoms, depression, anxiety and unhappiness using logistic regression analysis. P < 0.05 is considered statistically significant.

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