Table 3 Typical problems and solutions.

From: Challenges and Opportunities with Causal Discovery Algorithms: Application to Alzheimer’s Pathophysiology

 

Error

Location

Reason for error

Solution

1

EDU and SEX

Fig. 3-FCI

Selection bias

Add trivial knowledge

2

APOE4, PTAU and FDG

Fig. 4-FCI

Selection bias or Artifacts and No background knowledge

Longitudinal data

3

PTAU → DX

Fig. 5-FGES

Small sample size

Increase sample

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