Table 3 Comparison of the total electrical conductivity for BaZr1-xMxO3-δ (M = Sc, In, Lu, Yb, Tm, Er, Y, Ho, Gd, Sm and Nd) proton-conducting electrolyte ceramics.

From: A Promising Proton Conducting Electrolyte BaZr1-xHoxO3-δ (0.05 ≤ x ≤ 0.20) Ceramics for Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

M

Ionic radius (pm)

x

Conductivity (S-cm−1)

Activation energy (eV)

Sintering conditions

Measurement conditions

Ref.

Sc

74.5

0.20

2.90 × 10−4 at 500 °C

0.98

1600 °C/8 h in air

Humidified atmosphere

26

In

80.0

0.20

6.90 × 10−4 at 600 °C

0.89

1600 °C/8 h in air

Humidified atmosphere

26

0.75

1.00 × 10−4 at 600 °C

0.81

1325 °C/48 h in air

Dry Ar atmosphere

33

Lu

86.0

0.20

2.80 × 10−5 at 400 °C

0.90

1600 °C/8 h in air

Humidified atmosphere

26

Yb

86.8

0.20

1.10 × 10−2 at 600 °C

—

1600 °C/24 h in O2

5% H2O – H2 atmosphere

58

0.10

5.60 × 10−5 at 550 °C

—

1500 °C/48 h in air

Dry air

32

Tm

88.0

0.20

1.13 × 10−2 at 600 °C

—

1600 °C/24 h in O2

5% H2O – H2 atmosphere

58

Er

89.0

0.20

1.36 × 10−2 at 600 °C

—

1600 °C/24 h in O2

5% H2O – H2 atmosphere

58

Y

90.0

0.20

5.80 × 10−4 at 550 °C

0.86

1600 °C/8 h in air

Humidified atmosphere

26

0.20

2.29× 10−2 at 600 °C

—

1600 °C/24 h in air

H2O saturated N2 atmosphere

39

0.20

1.39 × 10−2 at 600 °C

—

1600 °C/24 h in O2

5% H2O – H2 atmosphere

58

Ho

90.1

0.05

2.96 × 10−5 at 650 °C

1.16

1600 °C/8 h in air

3% humidified O2 atmosphere

Present work

0.10

1.42 × 10−4 at 650 °C

0.99

0.15

1.43 × 10−3 at 650 °C

1.06

0.20

1.11 × 10−2 at 650 °C

1.05

Gd

93.8

0.20

1.80 × 10−4 at 600 °C

0.74

1600 °C/8 h in air

Humidified atmosphere

26

Sm

95.8

0.20

8.90 × 10−5 at 600 °C

0.96

1600 °C/8 h in air

Humidified atmosphere

26

Nd

98.3

0.07

2.01 × 10−5 at 628 °C

—

1700 °C/1 h in vacuum

Humid air

59

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