Table 1 Clinical demographics, peripheral neuropathy assessment and CCM in patients with painless and painful diabetic neuropathy.

From: Corneal confocal microscopy detects small nerve fibre damage in patients with painful diabetic neuropathy

 

Controls (n = 30)

Painless DN (n = 62)

Painful DN (n = 78)

Age

61.2 ± 1.33

66.09 ± 1.1

64.09 ± 1.16

Gender (female/male)

16/14

18/44

30/48

Duration of diabetes (years)

N/A

23.67 ± 2.5

19.86 ± 1.6

T1DM/T2DM

N/A

24/38

17/61

BP Systolic/ Diastolic (mmHg)

133.7 ± 2.7/73.4 ± 1.8

130.4 ± 3.2/66.8 ± 1.5

132.72 ± 2.44/71.8 ± 2.3

BMI (kg/m2)

27.6 ± 1.02

30.2 ± 1.12

33.1 ± 1.07^

Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

5.1 ± 0.19

3.77 ± 0.1^

4.18 ± 0.1^*

HDL (mmol/L)

1.61 ± 0.08

1.42 ± 0.07

1.34 ± 0.05^

LDL (mmol/L)

2.77 ± 0.13

2.04 ± 0.3

1.98 ± 0.09^

Triglycerides (mmol/L)

1.63 ± 0.14

1.36 ± 0.12

1.92 ± 0.14*

HbA1c (mmol/mol)

38.04 ± 0.69

56.86 ± 2.17^

59.8 ± 1.73^

HbA1c (%)

5.63 ± 0.06

7.35 ± 0.19^

7.62 ± 0.15^

Sural velocity (m/s)

49.16 ± 0.9

39.97 ± 0.81^

40.57 ± 0.77^

Sural amplitude (μV)

16.08 ± 1.56

5.77 ± 0.68^

5.95 ± 0.67^

Cold threshold (°C)

27.67 ± 0.36

26.08 ± 0.5

21.35 ± 0.99^*

Warm threshold (°C)

38.24 ± 0.73

41.37 ± 0.51^

43.7 ± 0.49^*

VPT (V)

8.17 ± 1.06

21.93 ± 1.47^

24.08 ± 1.35^

NDS (0-10)

1.0 ± 0.3

5.89 ± 0.29^

6.79 ± 0.26^*

CNFD (no./mm2)

32.58 ± 1.26

24.13 ± 0.91^

20.1 ± 0.87^*

CNBD (no./mm2)

90.98 ± 5.4

57.74 ± 3.98^

44.4 ± 3.31^*

CNFL (mm/mm2)

26.63 ± 0.98

22.77 ± 0.83^

19.61 ± 0.81^*

IWL (mm/mm2)

35.19 ± 2.29

25.14 ± 1.95^

18.03 ± 1.46^*

  1. All data are presented as mean ± SE. HDL – high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL – low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, VPT – vibration perception threshold, NDS – neuropathy disability score, CNFD – corneal nerve fibre density, CNBD – corneal nerve fibre branch density, CNFL – corneal nerve fibre length, IWL – inferior whorl length. ^P < 0.05 compared to controls, *P < 0.05 compared to painless.
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