Table 1 Clinical and surgical characteristics of the patients with neurological complication during the index IE admission by receiving neurosurgery or not.

Age (years)

55.7 ± 17.1

48.3 ± 16.5

58.4 ± 16.5

<0.001

Age ≥65 years

337 (32.6)

45 (16.1)

292 (38.6)

<0.001

Male sex

693 (67.0)

200 (71.7)

493 (65.2)

0.049

Neurological complication

<0.001

Brain aneurysm

79 (7.6)

73 (26.2)

6 (0.8)

Intracerebral hemorrhage

264 (25.5)

160 (57.3)

104 (13.8)

Ischemic stroke

568 (54.9)

20 (7.2)

548 (72.5)

Brain abscess

70 (6.8)

20 (7.2)

50 (6.6)

Meningitis

54 (5.2)

6 (2.2)

48 (6.3)

Rheumatic heart disease

56 (5.4)

26 (9.3)

30 (4.0)

0.001

Congenital heart disease

12 (1.2)

8 (2.9)

4 (0.5)

0.002

Previous stroke

185 (17.9)

44 (15.8)

141 (18.7)

0.283

Diabetes mellitus

248 (24.0)

49 (17.6)

199 (26.3)

0.003

Hypertension

362 (35.0)

65 (23.3)

297 (39.3)

<0.001

Heart failure

115 (11.1)

28 (10.0)

87 (11.5)

0.504

Coronary artery disease

174 (16.8)

34 (12.2)

140 (18.5)

0.016

Atrial fibrillation

91 (8.8)

15 (5.4)

76 (10.1)

0.018

Dialysis

63 (6.1)

11 (3.9)

52 (6.9)

0.080

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

60 (5.8)

8 (2.9)

52 (6.9)

0.014

Liver cirrhosis

73 (7.1)

14 (5.0)

59 (7.8)

0.120

Gastrointestinal bleeding

181 (17.5)

39 (14.0)

142 (18.8)

0.071

Drug abuse

28 (2.7)

13 (4.7)

15 (2.0)

0.019

Charlson’s total score

2.7 ± 2.4

2.4 ± 2.1

2.9 ± 2.5

0.002

Hospital level

0.746

  Teaching hospital

602 (58.2)

160 (57.3)

442 (58.5)

  Regional/district hospital

433 (41.8)

119 (42.7)

314 (41.5)

Hospital volume of IE between 2001 to 2013

0.416

  1st quartile (1–168)

261 (25.2)

69 (24.7)

192 (25.4)

  2nd quartile (169–431)

269 (26.0)

79 (28.3)

190 (25.1)

  3rd quartile (448–703)

249 (24.1)

58 (20.8)

191 (25.3)

  4th quartile (745–1648)

256 (24.7)

73 (26.2)

183 (24.2)

Severe IE (received valve surgery)

153 (14.8)

42 (15.1)

111 (14.7)

0.881

Follow up year

3.1 ± 3.5

3.3 ± 3.7

3.1 ± 3.4

0.253