Table 1 Syphilis prevalence data from Yunnan province.

From: The Spectrum-STI Groups model: syphilis prevalence trends across high-risk and lower-risk populations in Yunnan, China

Population group

Population type

Year, midpoint

Diagnostic test

N positive

N tested

Prevalence (%)

Weight (%)

Location/Sites

Source

Lower-risk women

ANC: Survey

2005

RPR & TPHA

4

3,242

0.12

25

4 national surveillance sites within Yunnan province (Kunming, Qilin, Longyang and Gejiu)

16

2006

15

3,241

0.46

25

2007

3

2,702

0.11

25

2008

12

3,215

0.37

25

2009

0

3,041

0.00

25

2010

4

1,599

0.25

25

2011

5

1,600

0.31

25

2012

5

1,600

0.31

25

2013

1

1,600

0.06

25

2014

9

1,600

0.56

25

2015

4

1,600

0.25

25

2016

6

1,600

0.38

25

2017

6

1,596

0.38

25

ANC: Routine screening

2011

RPR & TPHA

239

637,241

0.04

0

All 16 prefectures and 129 counties

2

2012

690

786,334

0.09

0

2013

1,032

753,696

0.14

0

2014

1,338

761,945

0.18

0

2015

1,360

730,474

0.19

99.66

2016

1,879

888,171

0.21

99.92

(Unpublished) program data, Yunnan CDC, Kunming, Yunnan

2017

1,974

814,401

0.24

99.95

Blood Donor Screening

2008

TPHA alone

120

29,584

0.41

43.75

7 prefectures (Chuxiong, Nujiang, Wenshan, Xishuangbanna, Yuxi, Diqing and Qujing)

17,18

2009

132

32,465

0.41

43.75

2010

139

34,310

0.41

43.75

2011

141

35,771

0.39

43.75

2012

165

39,956

0.41

43.75

2013

159

38,165

0.42

43.75

2014

142

42,835

0.33

43.75

2015

179

45,849

0.39

43.75

2016

241

52,006

0.46

43.75

2017

238

55,471

0.43

43.75

Premarital Screening

2001

TPHA alone

24

3,742

0.34

6.25

1 site (urban and rural)

19

Lower-risk men

Blood Donor Screening

2008

TPHA alone

217

43,020

0.50

43.75

7 prefectures (Chuxiong, Nujiang, Wenshan, Xishuangbanna, Yuxi, Diqing and Qujing)

17,18

2009

244

47,547

0.51

43.75

2010

220

52,385

0.42

43.75

2011

229

56,517

0.41

43.75

2012

297

62,171

0.48

43.75

2013

236

56,320

0.42

43.75

2014

252

61,675

0.41

43.75

2015

275

65,825

0.42

43.75

2016

339

73,984

0.46

43.75

2017

317

76,685

0.41

43.75

Premarital Screening

2001

TPHA alone

24

3,742

0.34

6.25

1 site (urban and rural)

19

Lower-risk Women + Men pooled

Blood Donor Screening

2008

TPHA alone

39

9,102

0.43

6.25/0*

1 prefecture (Dehong)

20

2009

29

10,034

0.29

6.25/0*

2010

36

11,622

0.31

6.25/0*

2011

35

13,302

0.26

6.25/0*

2012

53

13,164

0.40

6.25/0*

2013

39

12,295

0.32

6.25/0*

FSW

FSW: Study

2006

RPR & TPHA

55

737

7.46

10

1 site (Kaiyuan City)

21

FSW: Study

2006

RPR & TPHA

12

96

12.50

20

2 sites (Kafang & Laochang towns)

50

FSW: Study

2007

RPR & TPHA

27

397

6.80

10

1 site (Kaiyuan City)

26

FSW: Study

2007

RPR & TPHA

32

270

11.85

10

Detaining education centre, urban

28

FSW

FSW: Study

2010.5

RPR & TPHA

3

201

1.49

10

1 site (Kaiyuan City)

27

FSW: Study

2011

RPR & TPHA

113

1,775

6.37

10

1 site (Kaiyuan City)

53

FSW: Study

2012

RPR & TPHA

62

734

8.45

10

1 site (Kaiyuan City)

23

FSW: Study

2012.5

RPR & TPHA

44

225

19.56

40

4 sites (Dali, Jinghong, Kaiyuan and Menghai cities)

24

FSW: Study

2017

RPR & TPHA

13

423

3.07

10

1 site (Kunming City)

29

FSW: Sentinel

2005

RPR & TPHA

107

5,849

1.83

100

All 16 prefectures

16

2006

50

5,396

0.93

100

2007

92

5,782

1.59

100

2008

77

5,909

1.30

100

2009

71

6,225

1.14

100

2010

135

5,960

2.27

100

2011

113

6,026

1.88

100

2012

146

6,047

2.41

100

2013

88

6,464

1.36

100

2014

68

5,495

1.24

100

2015

54

5,836

0.93

100

2016

104

6,336

1.64

100

MSM

MSM: Sentinel

2010

RPR & TPHA

44

1,169

3.76

87.5

14 prefectures

16

2011

21

1,556

1.35

87.5

2012

65

2,613

2.49

87.5

2013

83

2,992

2.77

87.5

2014

91

3,206

2.84

87.5

2015

103

2,983

3.45

87.5

2016

106

2,863

3.70

87.5

MSM: Study

2009

TPHA alone

62

825

7.52

10

1 site (Kunming City)

30

MSM: Study

2010

RPR & TPHA

6

305

1.97

10

1 site (Dali prefecture)

33

MSM: Study

2014

RPR & TPHA

34

300

11.33

10

1 site (Kunming City)

32

MSM: Study

2008

RPR & TPHA

37

266

13.91

10

1 site (Kunming City)

31

2009

40

307

13.03

10

2010

36

258

13.95

10

  1. Pre-2015 ANC routine screening data were not included in the default estimation owing to a change in the ANC screening algorithm in 2015 from Treponema pallidum particle agglutination assay (TPPA) and RPR with an RPR threshold of 1:8, to a positive result from a Treponema-based rapid point-of-care test followed by RPR confirmation with no threshold, and an expansion in the number of sites tested from 2011 to 2015.
  2. A number of the studies in FSW venues were cohort studies with repeated measurements and where later rounds probably resampled the same individuals after they had been treated. For these studies only the 1st round of data were included in the Spectrum estimations.
  3. *6.25% is the default weight for men. These data were not included in default the estimate for women, owing to the large number of other women-specific data points.
  4. Abbreviations: RPR = Rapid Plasma Reagin test; TPHA = Treponema pallidum hemagglutination assay; RPR&TPHA = dual positivity on both RPR and TPHA.
Back to article page