Figure 3

Bone mineral density (BMD) and compressive strength. BMD was assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry digital radiography. The representative image and its reverse image are shown in (a) (upper and lower, respectively). Arrows indicate osteophytes. A region of interest is represented as solid and dotted boxes for the knee joint and both subchondral bones of the femur and tibia, respectively, and the BMDs were measured (b–d). Compressive strength was assessed in the cartilages of the femur (e) and tibia (f). Values were expressed as means ± SD (eight samples/group). **p < 0.01 and *p < 0.05 versus sham group, ^##p < 0.01 and ^#p < 0.05 versus OA con, and ^$$p < 0.01 and ^$p < 0.05 versus D2 + DW by LSD (b–e) or MW (f).