Figure 4

Expressions of inflammatory mediators and metalloproteinases (MMPs). Tissue levels of inflammatory cytokines, prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂, a–c) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO, d–f), and MMPs, MMP-2 (g–i) and MMP-9 (j–l), were assessed in cartilages of the femur and tibia, and the synovial membrane (m.). Values were expressed as means ± SD (eight samples/group). **p < 0.01 and *p < 0.05 versus sham group, ^##p < 0.01 and ^#p < 0.05 versus OA con, and ^$$p < 0.01 and ^$p < 0.05 versus D2 + DW by LSD (a,b,h,k) or MW (c–g,i,j,l).