Table 1 Immunohistochemical analysis for inflammation, apoptosis and cellular proliferation.

	Sham	OA con	D2 + DW	Sal + JMS	D1 + JMS	D2 + JMS
*TNF-α-positive cells*
Femoral cart.	57.9 ± 15.1	336.4 ± 82.8^*	135.9 ± 21.5^*,#	238.9 ± 25.0^*,#,$	126.9 ± 22.1^*,#	97.4 ± 16.4^*,#,$
Tibial cart.	44.8 ± 14.0	317.0 ± 58.2^*	167.0 ± 29.8^*,#	222.5 ± 44.6^*	145.8 ± 20.2^*,#	107.1 ± 15.6^*,#,$
Synovial m.	16.3 ± 3.1	630.1 ± 132.4^*	213.1 ± 44.1^*,#	351.4 ± 100.5^*,#	191.3 ± 37.0^*,#	118.8 ± 22.6^*,#,$
*COX2-postive cells*
Femoral cart.	66.1 ± 22.3	405.4 ± 27.7^**	162.8 ± 25.8^**,##	231.8 ± 51.1^**,##,$$	150.1 ± 37.3^**,##	104.4 ± 14.6^**,##,$$
Tibial cart.	92.3 ± 22.6	355.3 ± 106.0^*	180.3 ± 27.8^*,#	233.4 ± 34.4^*	170.9 ± 31.6^*,#	128.0 ± 26.2^#,$
Synovial m.	27.5 ± 10.2	473.6 ± 82.8^*	166.0 ± 29.1^*,#	247.5 ± 32.4^*,#,$	144.8 ± 22.7^*,#	116.0 ± 31.6^*,#
*PARP-postive cells*
Femoral cart.	73.1 ± 15.2	470.0 ± 119.6^*	171.0 ± 26.9^*,#	323.4 ± 60.3^*,#,$	164.5 ± 25.1^*,#	122.3 ± 22.6^*,#,$
Tibial cart.	56.6 ± 17.0	396.8 ± 107.5^*	193.0 ± 46.2^*,#	259.6 ± 25.8^*	172.6 ± 36.1^*,#	125.1 ± 24.6^*,#,$
Synovial m.	79.6 ± 23.7	885.8 ± 153.1^*	224.8 ± 40.1^*,#	389.6 ± 66.7^*,#	212.0 ± 57.6^*,#	117.5 ± 15.7^*,#,$
*BrdU-positive cells*
Femoral cart.	128.0 ± 32.6	41.1 ± 12.09^*	42.9 ± 10.4^*	72.9 ± 11.0^*,#,$	96.3 ± 15.6^#,$	143.1 ± 12.9^#,$
Tibial cart.	95.5 ± 29.8	31.3 ± 11.6^**	32.9 ± 11.6^**	62.6 ± 14.5^**,##,$$	83.5 ± 12.7^##,$$	115.3 ± 19.8^*,##,$$
Synovial m.	84.1 ± 25.6	916.1 ± 178.2^*	348.9 ± 147. ^*,#	596.8 ± 119.9^*,#	301.0 ± 73.8^*,#	173.5 ± 26.7^*,#,$

The immunoreactive cells in Fig. 7 were counted and expressed as means ± standard deviation (eight samples/group) in the femoral and tibial cartilages (cart.) and the synovial membrane (m.). **p < 0.01 and *p < 0.05 versus sham group, ^##p < 0.01 and ^#p < 0.05 versus OA con, and ^$$p < 0.01 and ^$p < 0.05 versus D2 + DW by LSD (for positive cells for COX2 of the femoral cartilages and BrdU of the tibial cart.) or MW (for others). TNF-α = tumor necrosis factor, COX2 = cyclooxygenase 2, PARP = poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, and BrdU = bromodeoxyuridine.

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